A Comprehensive Deep Dive into React

An in-depth look into the world of React.

React in Depth: A Comprehensive Guide

A deep dive into the world of React

Photo by Ferenc Almasi on Unsplash Photo by Ferenc Almasi on Unsplash ALLOFMYOTHERARTICLES bryanguner.medium.com

Random Things to Remember

Using () implictly returns components.
Role of index.js is to render your application.
The reference to root comes from a div in the body of your public HTML file.
State of a component is simply a regular JS Object.
Class Components require render() method to return JSX.
Functional Components directly return JSX.
Class is className in React.
When parsing for an integer just chain Number.parseInt("123")
Use ternary operator if you want to make a conditional inside a fragment.

{ x === y ? <div>Naisu</div> : <div>Not Naisu</div>; }

Purpose of React.Fragment is to allow you to create groups of children without adding an extra dom element.

Front-End History

React makes it easier for you to make front-end elements. A front-end timeline
Some noteworthy front end libraries that have been used in the past few years:
2005: Script.aculo.us
2005: Dojo
2006: YUI
2010: Knockout
2011: AngularJS
2012: Elm
2013: React (Considered the standard front-end library)
React manages the creation and updating of DOM nodes in your Web page.
All it does is dynamically render stuff into your DOM.
What it doesn’t do:
Ajax
Services
Local Storage
Provide a CSS framework
React is unopinionated
Just contains a few rules for developers to follow, and it just works.
JSX : Javascript Extension is a language invented to help write React Applications (looks like a mixture of JS and HTML)
Here is an overview of the difference between rendering out vanilla JS to create elements, and JSX:

fetch("https://example.com/api/people")
  .then((response) => response.json())
  .then((people) => {
    const html = "<ul>";
    for (let person of data.people) {
      html += `<li>${person.lastName}, ${person.firstName}</li>`;
    }
    html += "</ul>";
    document.querySelector("#people-list").innerHTML = html;
  });

function PeopleList(props) {
  return (
    <ul>
      $
      {props.people.map((person) => (
        <li>
          {person.lastName}, {person.firstName}
        </li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}
const peopleListElement = document.querySelector("#people-list");
fetch("https://example.com/api/people")
  .then((response) => response.json())
  .then((people) => {
    const props = { people };
    ReactDOM.render(<PeopleList props={props} />, peopleListElement);
  });

This may seem like a lot of code but when you end up building many components, it becomes nice to put each of those functions/classes into their own files to organize your code. Using tools with React
React DevTools : New tool in your browser to see ow React is working in the browser
create-react-app : Extensible command-line tool to help generate standard React applications.
Webpack : In between tool for dealing with the extra build step involved.

- HMR : (Hot Module Replacement) When you make changes to your source code the changes are delivered in real-time. - React Developers created something called `Flux Architecture` to moderate how their web page consumes and modifies data received from back-end API's.- Choosing React - Basically, React is super important to learn and master.

React Concepts and Features

There are many benefits to using React over just Vanilla JavaScript.

Modularity
To avoid the mess of many event listeners and template strings, React gives you the benefit of a lot of modularity.
Easy to start
No specials tools are needed to use Basic React.
You can start working directly with createElement method in React.
Declarative Programming
React is declarative in nature, utilizing either it’s built-in createElement method or the higher-level language known as JSX.
Reusability
Create elements that can be re-used over and over. One-flow of data
React apps are built as a combination of parent and child components.
Parents can have one or more child components, all children have parents.
Data is never passed from child to the parent.
Virtual DOM : React provides a Virtual DOM that acts as an agent between the real DOM and the developer to help debug, maintain, and provide general use.
Due to this usage, React handles web pages much more intelligently; making it one of the speediest Front End Libraries available.

ES6 Refresher

Exporting one item per file

Use export default statement in ES6 to export an item. ES6

export default class Wallet {
  // ...
}
// sayHello will not be exported
function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}

CommonJS (Equivalent)

class Wallet {
  // ...
}
// sayHello will not be exported
function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}
module.exports = Wallet;

Exporting multiple items per file

Use just thw export keyword (without default) to export multiple items per file. ES6 (Better to export them individually like this, rather than bunching them all into an object)

export class Wallet {
  // ...
}
export function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}
export const sayHi = () => {
  console.log("Hi!");
};
class Wallet {
  // ...
}
function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}
const sayHi = () => {
  console.log("Hi!");
};
export { Wallet, sayHello, sayHi };

CommonJS (Equivalent)

class Wallet {
  // ...
}
function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}
const sayHi = () => {
  console.log("Hi!");
};
module.exports = {
  Wallet,
  sayHello,
  sayHi,
};

Importing with ES6 vs CommonJS

- Import statements in ES6 modules must always be at the top of the file, because all imports must occur before the rest of the file’s code runs. ES6

import { Wallet } from "./wallet";
import * as fs from "fs";
const wallet = new Wallet();

CommonJS

let { Wallet } = require("./wallet");
const wallet = new Wallet();
let fs = require("fs");

Unnamed default imports

You can name unnamed items exported with export default any name when you import them.

// exporting
export default class Wallet {
  // ...
}
// importing
import Money from "wallet.js";
const wallet = new Money();

Just remember if you use export instead of export default then your import is already named and cannot be renamed.

// exporting
export class Wallet {
  // ...
}
// importing
import { Wallet } from "wallet.js";
const wallet = new Wallet();

Aliasing imports

Use as asterisk to import an entire module’s contents.
Keep in mind you must use an as keyword to refer to it later.

// export
export function sayHello() {
  console.log("Hello!");
}
export const sayHi = () => {
  console.log("Hi!");
};
//import
import * as Greetings from "greetings.js";
Greetings.sayHello(); // Hello!
Greetings.sayHi(); // Hi!

You can also name identically named functions or items from different files.

import { Wallet as W1 } from "./wallet1";
import { Wallet as W2 } from "./wallet2";
const w1 = new W1();
const w2 = new W2();

Browser support for ES6 Modules

ES6 Modules can only be used when a JS file is specified as a module. <script type="module" src="./wallet.js"></script>
You can get browser support for ES6 modules by adding module into your script tag.

Notes

JSX In Depth

Remember that JSX is just syntactic sugar for the built in React.createElement(component, props, ...children)
React Library must always be in scope from your JSX code.
Use Dot Notation for JSX Type
User-Defined Components Must Be Capitalized <Foo /> vs <div>
Cannot use a general expression as the React element type. (Incorrect)

function Story(props) {
  // Wrong! JSX type can't be an expression.
    return <components[props.storyType] story={props.story} />;
  };

(Corrected)

function Story(props) {
  // Correct! JSX type can be a capitalized variable.
  const SpecificStory = components[props.storyType];
  return <SpecificStory story={props.story} />;
}

Props in JSX

Several ways to specify props in JSX.
Javascript Expressions as Props

<MyComponent foo={1 + 2 + 3 + 4} />

String Literals

<MyComponent message="hello world" /> <MyComponent message={'hello world'} /> <MyComponent message="&lt;3" /> <MyComponent message={'❤'} />

Props Default to “True”

<MyTextBox autocomplete /> <MyTextBox autocomplete={true} />

Spread Attributes

function App1() { return <Greeting firstName="Ben" lastName="Hector" />; } function App2() { const props = { firstName: "Ben", lastName: "Hector" }; return <Greeting {…props} />; }

Children in JSX

props.children : The content between opening and closing tag. JavaScript Expressions as Children

function Item(props) {
  return <li>{props.message}</li>;
}
function TodoList() {
  const todos = ["finish doc", "submit pr", "nag dan to review"];
  return (
    <ul>
      {todos.map((message) => (
        <Item key={message} message={message} />
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

Functions as Children

props.children works like any other prop, meaning it can pass any sort of data.

// Calls the children callback numTimes to produce a repeated component
function Repeat(props) {
  let items = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < props.numTimes; i++) {
    items.push(props.children(i));
  }
  return <div>{items}</div>;
}
function ListOfTenThings() {
  return (
    <Repeat numTimes={10}>
      {(index) => <div key={index}>This is item {index} in the list</div>}
    </Repeat>
  );
}

Booleans, Null, and Undefined Are Ignored

false, null, undefined, and true are all valid children.
They will not render.
You can use these to conditionally render items.

<div>
  {showHeader && <Header />}
  <Content />
</div>

In this example, the component will only render if showHeader evals to True.

// Before work-around
<div>
  {props.messages.length &&
    <MessageList messages={props.messages} />
  }
</div>
// After work-around
<div>
  {props.messages.length > 0 &&
    <MessageList messages={props.messages} />
  }
</div>

Note that certain falsy values such as zero will still be rendered by React, you can work around this by ensuring situations like the above eval. into a boolean.
In the times you want booleans to be rendered out, simply convert it into a string first.

<div>My JavaScript variable is {String(myVariable)}.</div>

Reconciliation

The Diffing Algorithm

Diffing : When the state of a component changes React creates a new virtual DOM tree.
Elements of Different Types
Every time the root elements have different types, React tears down the old tree and builds the new tree from scratch.
DOM Elements Of the Same Type
When comparing two DOM elements of the same type, React keeps the same underlying DOM node and only updates the changes attributes.

<div className=”before” title=”stuff” /> <div className=”after” title=”stuff” />

<div style={{ color: “red”, fontWeight: “bold” }} /> <div style={{color: ‘green’, fontWeight: ‘bold’}} />

Component Elements Of The Same Type
When components update, instances will remain the same, so that state maintains across renders.
React will only update the props, to match the new element.
Recursing On Children
React will iterate both lists of children and generate a mutation whenever there’s a difference.
This is why we use keys.
Makes it easier for React to match children in the original tree with children in the subsequent tree.
Tradeoffs
Important to remember that reconciliation algorithm is an implementation detail.
Re-rendering only to apply the differences following the rules stated in the previous sections.

Typechecking With PropTypes

As your application grows, you can use React’s typechecking to catch bugs.
propTypes is a special property to run typechecking.
exports range of built in validators to ensure your received data is valid.
propTypes is only checked in development mode.

import PropTypes from "prop-types";
class Greeting extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
  }
}
Greeting.propTypes = {
  name: PropTypes.string,
};

Requiring Single Child

Use PropTypes.element to specify only a single child can be passed to a component as children.

import PropTypes from "prop-types";
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  render() {
    // This must be exactly one element or it will warn.
    const children = this.props.children;
    return <div>{children}</div>;
  }
}
MyComponent.propTypes = {
  children: PropTypes.element.isRequired,
};

Default Prop Values

Use defaultProps to assign default values for props.

class Greeting extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
  }
}
// Specifies the default values for props:
Greeting.defaultProps = {
  name: "Stranger",
};
// Renders "Hello, Stranger":
ReactDOM.render(<Greeting />, document.getElementById("example"));

class Greeting extends React.Component {
  static defaultProps = {
    name: 'stranger'
  }
  render() {
    return (
      <div>Hello, {this.props.name}</div>
    )
  }

Notes

React Router Introduction

React Router is the answer for rendering different components for different pages.
A front-end library that allows you to control which components to display using the browser location.
Client-side Routing Getting started with routing
Install React Router with:
npm install — save react-router-dom@⁵.1.2
Import Browser Router from package.
import { BrowserRouter } from “react-router-dom”;
BrowserRouter is the primary component of the router that wraps your route hierarchy.
Wrap it around components.
Creates a React Context that passes routing information down to all its descendant components.
You can also use HashRouter, where it would generate a hash before the endpoint. Creating frontend routes
React Router helps your app render specific components based on the URL.
The most common component is <Route>
Wrapped around another component, causing the comp. to only render if the a certain URL is matched.
Props : path, component, exact, and [render]
Browser Router can only have a single child component.
The Browser Router wraps all routes within a parent div element.

const Root = () => {
  const users = {
    1: { name: "Andrew" },
    2: { name: "Raymond" },
  };
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <div>
        <h1>Hi, I'm Root!</h1>
        <Route exact path="/" component={App} />
        <Route path="/hello" render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />
        <Route path="/users" render={() => <Users users={users} />} />
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

component
Indicates component to render.
path
Indicates path to render a specific component.
exact
Tells route to not pattern match and only render a certain route exclusively to it’s associated component.
render
Optional prop that takes in a function to be called.
Causes extra work for React.
Preferred for inline rendering of simple functional components.
Difference between component and render is that component returns new JSX that be re-mounted, but render returns the JSX that will be mounted only once.
// This inline rendering will work, but is unnecessarily slow. <Route path=”/hello” component={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} /> // This is the preferred way for inline rendering. <Route path=”/hello” render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />
Also useful if you need to pass in specific props to a component.
// `users` to be passed as a prop: const users = { 1: { name: “Andrew” }, 2: { name: “Raymond” }, }; <Route path=”/users” render={() => <Users users={users} />} />;

Route path params

Your component’s props can hold information about URL’s parameters.
Will match segments starting at : to the next /, ?, #.

<Route
  path="/users/:userId"
  render={(props) => <Profile users={users} {...props} />}
/>

{...props} spreads out the router's props.
props.match.params is used to access the match prop's parameters.
Useful keys on the match object:
isExact : boolean that tells you whether or not the URL exactly matches the path.
url : the currentURL
path : Route path it matched against (w/o wildcards)
params : Matches for the individual wildcard segments.

React Router Navigation

Link, NavLink, Redirect, history props of React Router are used to help your user navigate routes. Adding links for navigation
Issues on-click navigation event to a route defined in app.
Usage renders an anchor tag with a correctly set href attribute.

import { BrowserRouter, Route, Link } from "react-router-dom";

Link takes two properties: to and onClick.
to : route location that points to an absolute path.
onClick : clickHandler.
NavLink works just like Link but has a bit of extra functionality.
Adds extra styling, when the path it links to matches the current path.
As it’s name suggests, it is used to Nav Bars.
Takes three props:
activeClassName : allows you to set a CSS class name for styling. (default set to 'active')
activeStyle : style object that is applied inline when it's to prop. matches the current URL.
exact prop is a boolean that defaults to false; you can set it to true to apply requirement of an exact URL match.
exact can also be used as a flag instead of a reg. property value.
benefit of adding this is so that you don’t trigger other matches. Switching between routes
<Switch> : Component allows you to only render one route even if several match the current URL.
You may nest as many routes as you wish but only the first match of the current URL will be rendered.
Very useful if we want a default component to render if none of our routes match.

<Switch>
  <Route path="some/url" component={SomeComponent} />
  <Route path="some/other/url" component={OtherComponent} />
  <Route component={DefaultComponent} />
</Switch>

DefaultComponent will only render if none of the other URLs match up.
<Redirect> : Helps redirect users.
Only takes a single prop: to.

<Route
  exact
  path="/"
  render={() => (this.props.currentUser ? <Home /> : <Redirect to="/login" />)}
/>

History

History allows you to update the URL programmatically.
Contains two useful methods:
push : Adds a new URL to the end of the history stack.
replace : Replaces the current URL on the history stack, so the back button won't take you to it.

// Pushing a new URL (and adding to the end of history stack):
const handleClick = () => this.props.history.push("/some/url");
// Replacing the current URL (won't be tracked in history stack):
const redirect = () => this.props.history.replace("/some/other/url");

Nested Routes

Why nested routes?

Create routes that tunnel into main components vs getting rendered on the main page as it’s own thing. What are nested routes?

const Profile = (props) => {
  // Custom call to database to fetch a user by a user ID.
  const user = fetchUser(props.match.params.userId);
  const { name, id } = user;
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Welcome to the profile of {name}!</h1>
      <Link to={`/users/${id}/posts`}>{name}'s Posts</Link>
      <Link to={`/users/${id}/photos`}>{name}'s Photos</Link>
      <Route path="/users/:userId/posts" component={UserPosts} />
      <Route path="/users/:userId/photos" component={UserPhotos} />
    </div>
  );
};

Alt. version using props.match

// Destructure `match` prop
const Profile = ({ match: { url, path, params }) => {
  // Custom call to database to fetch a user by a user ID.
  const user = fetchUser(params.userId);
  const { name, id } = user;
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Welcome to the profile of {name}!</h1>
      <Link to={`${url}/posts`}>{name}'s Posts</Link>
      <Link to={`${url}/photos`}>{name}'s Photos</Link>
      <Route path={`${path}/posts`} component={UserPosts} />
      <Route path={`${path}/photos`} component={UserPhotos} />
    </div>}
  );
};

As you can see above, our end URL isn’t even defined until we apply those flexible values in.

React Builds

Build : Process of converting code into something that can actually execute or run on the target platform.
In regards to React, the minimum a build should do is convert JSX to something that browsers can understand. Reviewing common terminology
Linting : Process of using a tool to analyze your code to catch common errors, bugs, inconsistencies etc...
Transpilation : Process of converting source code, like JS, from one version to another.
Minification : Process of removing all unnecessary characters in your code.
Bundling : Process of combining multiple code files into a single file.
Tree Shaking : Process of removing unused or dead code from your application before it's bundled. Configuration or code?
Configuration allows developers to create build tasks by declaring either JSON, XML, or YAML without explicitly writing every step in the process.
Coding or Scripting simply requires code. Babel and webpack (yes, that's intentionally a lowercase 'w')
Babel : Code Transpiler that allows you to use all of the latest features and syntax wihtout worrying about what browsers support what.
webpack : Allows developers to use JS modules w/o requiring users to use a browser that natively supports ES modules.
Create React App uses webpack and Babel under the hood to build applications. The Create React App build process
What happens when you run npm start:

.env variables are loaded.
list of browsers to support are checked.
config’d HTTP port checked for availability.
application compiler is configured and created.
webpack-dev-starter is started
webpack-dev-starter compiles app.
index.html is loaded into browser
file watcher is started to watch for changes. Ejecting

There is a script in Create React App called eject that allows you to 'eject' your application and expose all the hidden stuff. Preparing to deploy a React application for production
Defining Env Variables

REACT_APP_FOO: some value
REACT_APP_BAR: another value

console.log(process.env.REACT_APP_FOO);

Can be referenced in your index.html like so: <title>%REACT_APP_BAR%</title>

Configuring the supported browsers

{
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "last 1 chrome version",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  }
}

If you specify older browsers it will affect how your code get’s transpiled. Creating a production build
Run npm run build to create a production build.
Bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance.

Notes

Introduction to React

Simply a nice library that turns data into DOM.
Tree Diffing : Fast comparison and patching of data by comparing the current virtual DOM and new virtual DOM - updating only the pieces that change.
It's just a tree with some fancy diffing

Create Element

From JavaScript To DOM

The React.createElement function has the following form:

React.createElement(type, [props], [...children]);

Type : Type of element to create, i.e. a string for an HTML element or a reference to a function or class that is a React component.
Props : Object that contains data to render the element.
Children : Children of the elemet, as many as you want. Creating elements
Our rendering goal:

<ul>
  <li class="selected">
    <a href="/pets">Pets</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/owners">Owners</a>
  </li>
</ul>

There are five tags to create:
One ul
Two li
Two a
There are certain attributes we want to appear in the DOM for these tags as well:
Each li has a class (or className in React)
Both a ele's have href attributes
Also keep in mind the parent child relationships happening between the tags.
ul is the parent of both li
Each li has an a element as a child
Each a has a text content child

React.createElement( "ul", null, React.createElement( "li", { className: "selected" }, React.createElement("a", { href: "/pets" }, "Pets") ), React.createElement( "li", null, React.createElement("a", { href: "/owners" }, "Owners") ) );

Converting to virtual DOM

After you set up your React.createElement, you use React.render to take the value returned from cE and a DOM node to insert into the conversion of the real DOM.

// Put the element tree in a variable
const navList = React.createElement(
  "ul",
  null,
  React.createElement(
    "li",
    { className: "selected" },
    React.createElement("a", { href: "/pets" }, "Pets")
  ),
  React.createElement(
    "li",
    null,
    React.createElement("a", { href: "/owners" }, "Owners")
  )
);
// Get a DOM node for React to render to
const mainElement = document.querySelector("main");
// Give React the element tree and the target
ReactDOM.render(navList, mainElement);

JS Code => Virtual DOM => Real Dom Updates
If you call React.render a second or multiple times it just checks the existing Virtual DOM and it knows which smaller areas to change. Thinking in Components
Components are pieces of reusable front-end pieces.
Components should be Single Responsibility Principle compliant.

Create Element

React.createElement Demo

Can import non-local dependencies with import 'package-link'

const App = () => React.createElement("h1", null, "Hello, Programmers!");
const target = document.querySelector("main");
const app = React.createElement(App, null);
// Give React the element tree and the target
ReactDOM.render(app, target);

Remember when importing modules from other files you have to denote the file type in the import statement. HTML Original

<section class="clue">
  <h1 class="clue__title">Clue$ 268530</h1>
  <div class="clue__question">
      2009: I dreamed a Dream
  </div>
  <div class="clue__category">
      <<unparsed>>
  </div>
  <div class="clue__amount">
      $800
  </div>
</section>

React Version

const Clue = () =>
  React.createElement(
    "section",
    { className: "clue" },
    React.createElement("h1", { className: "clue__title" }, "Title"),
    React.createElement("div", { className: "clue__question" }, "?"),
    React.createElement("div", { className: "clue__category" }, "Category"),
    React.createElement("div", { className: "clue__amount" }, "$800")
  );

Because class is a reserved keyword in JS, in React we can use className to assign a class to an element.
Remember the data that goes into createElement: element type, data to pass into the element, and then children.
props : Properties;
To handle certain values that are initially undefined, we can use defaultProps.

Clue.defaultProps = {
  category: {},
};

You can change in the devTools Network tab the internet speed to check for values that may be undefined to hangle with defaultProps.
If we fetch multiple pieces of data, we can render many things by using map.
You need to assign a unique key to each of the clues.
We need to keep track of them individually so that React can easily refer to a specific one if there is an issue. clue => { key:clue.id, ...clue }

const App = (props) =>
  React.createElement(
    "h1",
    null,
    props.clues.map((clue) =>
      React.createElement(Clue, { key: clue.id, ...clue })
    )
  );
export default App;

Note: JSX is preferred over React.createElement;

Notes from Hello Programmer Exercise

When you import modules from websites they must have CORs activated.
These import statements, import global variables.
When we want to move our code into production we need to change the imports into the production minified versions.

import "https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js";
import "https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16.13.1/umd/react-dom.production.min.js";

While we will never actually be creating full apps with just React.createElement => it is the enginer that is running under the hood!

import "https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.development.js";
import "https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.development.js";
const Links = () =>
  React.createElement(
    "ul",
    { id: "nav-links" },
    React.createElement(
      "li",
      { className: "is-selected" },
      React.createElement("a", { href: "http://appacademy.io" }, "App Academy")
    ),
    React.createElement(
      "li",
      null,
      React.createElement("a", { href: "https://aaonline.io" }, "a/A Open")
    )
  );
// Set up React Element: Type, Imported Data, Child (Child is Text in this Scenario)
// HelloWorld is a function based component
const HelloWorld = () => React.createElement("h1", null, "Hello, Programmers");
const AllTogether = () =>
  React.createElement(
    "div",
    null,
    React.createElement(HelloWorld, null),
    React.createElement(Links, null)
  );
// Target the Element to append new Ele
const target = document.querySelector("main");
// Assign your 'App' to your created Elements
// We are creating an element from the HelloWorld function.
const app = React.createElement(AllTogether, null);
// Render from the Virtual Dom to the Actual Dom
ReactDOM.render(app, target);

Introduction to JSX

JSX : Javascript Extension, a new language created by React developers to have an easier way of interacting with the React API. How to use JSX
We will use babel to convert version of modern JS into an older version of JS. React Create Element

const ExampleComponent = (props) =>
  React.createElement(
    React.Fragment,
    null,
    React.createElement("h1", null, "Hello!"),
    React.createElement("img", { src: "https://via.placeholder.com/150" }),
    React.createElement("a", { href: props.searchUrl }, props.searchText)
  );

JSX Version

const ExampleComponent = (props) => (
  <React.Fragment>
    <h1>Hello!</h1>
    <img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" />
    <a href={props.searchUrl}>{props.searchText}</a>
  </React.Fragment>
);

Keep in mind that self closing tags in React must have a forward slash to close it.

- Properties and Data

<img src="https://via.placeholder.com/150" />;
// becomes..
React.createElement("img", { src: "https://via.placeholder.com/150" });
// if we want to pass in data vs just a string literal
<a href={props.searchUrl}>{props.searchText}</a>;
// so it becomes..
React.createElement("a", { href: props.searchUrl }, props.searchText);
// if you want the text search uppercase..
<a href={props.searchUrl}>{props.searchText.toUpperCase()}</a>;

Comments in JSX have the following syntax:

<div>
  <h2>This is JSX</h2>
  {/* This is a comment in JSX */}
</div>

Property Names:
checked : Attribute of input components such as checkbox or radio, use it to set whether the component is checked or not.
className : Used to specify a CSS class.
dangerouslySetInnerHTML : React's equivalent of innerHTML because it is risky to cross-site scripting attacks.
htmlFor : Because for is protected keyword, React elements use this instead.
onChange : Event fired whenever a form field is changed.
style : Accepts a JS object with camelCase properties rather than a CSS string.
value : Supported by Input, Select, and TextArea components; use it to set the value of the component.
Note: React uses camel-case!!! The JSX semicolon gotcha

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Hello!</h1>
      <div>Welcome to JSX.</div>
    </div>
  );
}

create Element equivalent

is equivalent to
function App() {
  return (
    React.createElement(
      'div',
      null,
      React.createElement('h1', null, 'Hello!'),
      React.createElement('div', null, 'Welcome to JSX.'),
    )
  );
}

We wrap what want to return in parenthesis so JS doesn’t auto add semi-colons after every line and run the code incorrectly.
Just remember if you decided to use the return keyword in a function to ‘return some JSX’, then make sure you wrap the JSX in parenthesis.

npx create-react-app my-app

Single line used to initiate a React application.
React has a great toolchain where you can see changes live as you’re editing your application.
React errors will be rendered directly onto the browser window.
A downside is that it installs a lot of bloat files.
Examples of React create Element and JSX equivalent

React.createElement(
  "a",
  {
    className: "active",
    href: "https://appacademy.io",
  },
  "App Academy"
);
// JSX Version
<a className="active" href="https://appacademy.io">
  App Academy
</a>;

React.createElement(
  OwnerDetails,
  {
    owner: props.data.owner,
    number: props.index + 1,
  },
  props.name
);
// JSX Version
<OwnerDetails owner={props.data.owner} number={props.index + 1}>
  {props.name}
</OwnerDetails>;

More Complex JSX Example

const BookPanel = (props) => {
  <section className="book" id={`book-${props.id}`}>
    <h1 className="book__title">{props.title}</h1>
    <img src={props.coverUrl} />
    <div className="book__desc">{props.description}</div>
  </section>;
};

Notes

Using Custom CRA Templates

Using a Custom Template npx create-react-app my-app --template @appacademy/simple

Keep in mind that using create-react-app automatically initializes a git repository for you!
App Academy custom template for creating a react app.
If using the default react create project you can delete the following files:
favicon.ico
robots.txt
logo192.png
logo512.png
manifest.json
You can also simplify the html file into:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>React App</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="root"></div>
  </body>
</html>

Simplifying the src folder

Remove: App.css App.test.js logo.svg serviceWorker.js setupTests.js
Update the Following Files:

// ./src/App.js
import React from "react";
function App() {
  return <h1>Hello world!</h1>;
}
export default App;
``;

// ./src/index.js
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import "./index.css";
import App from "./App";
ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <App />
  </React.StrictMode>,
  document.getElementById("root")
);

React Class Components

Class Components

You can write React components using ES2015 Classes: Function Component

// ./src/Message.js
import React from "react";
const Message = (props) => {
  return <div>{props.text}</div>;
};
export default Message;

ES2015 Version

// ./src/Message.js
import React from "react";
class Message extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return <div>{this.props.text}</div>;
  }
}
export default Message;

We can access props within a class component by using this.props
Keep in mind Class Components are used just like function components.

// ./src/index.js
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import Message from "./Message";
ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <Message text="Hello world!" />
  </React.StrictMode>,
  document.getElementById("root")
);

Setting and accessing props

class Message extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    // TODO Initialize state, etc.
  }
  render() {
    return <div>{this.props.text}</div>;
  }
}

If we define a constructor method in our Class Component, we have to define the super method with props passed through it.
Side Note: Before React used ES2015 Classes, it used React.createclass function, if you ever need to use this antiquated method make sure you install a module called create-react-class Stateful components
One of the major reasons why you would choose to use a Class Component over a Function Component is to add and manage local or internal state to your component.
Second of the major reasons is to be able to use a Class Component’s lifecycle methods. What is state?
Props are data that are provided by the consumer or caller of the component.
Not meant to be changed by a component.
State is data that is internal to the component.
Intended to be updated or mutated. When to use state
Only Use State when it is absolutely necessary
If the data never changes, or if it’s needed through an entire application use props instead.
State is more often used when creating components that retrieve data from APIs or render forms.
The general rule of thumb: If a component doesn’t need to use state or lifecyle methods, it should be prioritized as a function component.
Functional:Stateless || Class:Stateful Initializing state
Use a class constructor method to initialize this.state object. // Application Entry Point

// ./src/index.js
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import RandomQuote from './RandomQuote';
ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <RandomQuote />
  </React.StrictMode>
  document.getElementById('root');
)

// Class Component: RandomQuote

import React from "react";
class RandomQuote extends React.Component {
  constructor() {
    super();
    const quotes = [
      "May the Force be with you.",
      "There's no place like home.",
      "I'm the king of the world!",
      "My mama always said life was like a box of chocolates.",
      "I'll be back.",
    ];
    this.state = {
      quotes,
      currentQuoteIndex: this.getRandomInt(quotes.length);
    }
  }
  getRandomInt(max) {
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(max));
  }
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <h2>Random Quote</h2>
        <p>{this.state.quotes[this.state.currentQuoteIndex]}</p>
      </div>
    )
  }
}
export default RandomQuote;

Updating State

Let’s say we want to update our state with a new quote.
We can set up event listeners in React similarly to how we did them before.
<button type=”button” onClick={this.changeQuote}> Change Quote </button>
onClick is the event listener.
{this.changeQuote} is the event handler method.
Our Class Component File should now look like this with the new additions:

import React from "react";
class RandomQuote extends React.Component {
  constructor() {
    super();
    const quotes = [
      "May the Force be with you.",
      "There's no place like home.",
      "I'm the king of the world!",
      "My mama always said life was like a box of chocolates.",
      "I'll be back.",
    ];
    this.state = {
      quotes,
      currentQuoteIndex: this.getRandomInt(quotes.length);
    }
  }
  changeQuote = () => {
    const newIndex = this.getRandomInt(this.state.quotes.length);
    // Setting the 'new state' of currentQuoteIndex state property
    // to newly generated random index #.
    this.setState({
      currentQuoteIndex: newIndex;
    })
  }
  getRandomInt(max) {
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.floor(max));
  }
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <h2>Random Quote</h2>
        <p>{this.state.quotes[this.state.currentQuoteIndex]}</p>
        <button type="button" onClick={this.changeQuote}>
          Change Quote
        </button>
      </div>
    )
  }
}
export default RandomQuote;

Don’t modify state directly

It is important to never modify your state directly!
ALWAYS use this.setState method to update state.
This is because when you only use this.state to re-assign, no re-rendering will occur => leaving our component out of sync. Properly updating state from the previous state
In our current example, the way we have changeQuote set up leaves us with occasionally producing the same index twice in a row.
One solution is to design a loop but keep in mind that state updates are handled asynchronously in React (your current value is not guaranteed to be the latest)
A safe method is to pass an anonymous method to this.setState (instead of an object literal) Previous

changeQuote = () => {
    const newIndex = this.getRandomInt(this.state.quotes.length);
    this.setState({
      currentQuoteIndex: newIndex;
    })
  }

Passing w/ Anon Method

changeQuote = () => {
  this.setState((state, props) => {
    const { quotes, currentQuoteIndex } = state;
    let newIndex = -1;
    do {
      newIndex = this.getRandomInt(quote.length);
    } while (newIndex === currentQuoteIndex);
    return {
      currentQuoteIndex: newIndex,
    };
  });
};

Providing default values for props

In our current example, we pass in a static array of predefined quotes in our constructor.
The way it is set up right now leaves our list of quotes unchanged after initialization.
We can make quotes more dynamic by replacing our static array with a props argument passed into super.
constructor(props) { super(props); }
We can now move our quotes array to our application entry point and pass it in as a prop. // Application Entry Point

// ./src/index.js
import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import RandomQuote from './RandomQuote';
// Re-assign our array here and pass it in as a prop in Render.
const quotes = [
      "May the Force be with you.",
      "There's no place like home.",
      "I'm the king of the world!",
      "My mama always said life was like a box of chocolates.",
      "I'll be back.",
      "This way I can define more quotes",
    ];
ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <RandomQuote quotes={quotes}/>
  </React.StrictMode>
  document.getElementById('root');
)

One thing to note about this workaround is that the caller of the component must set the quotes prop or the component will throw an error => so use defaultProps!

// At the bottom of RandomQuote.js...
RandomQuote.defaultProps = {
  quotes: [
    "May the Force be with you.",
    "There's no place like home.",
    "I'm the king of the world!",
    "My mama always said life was like a box of chocolates.",
    "I'll be back.",
    "This way I can define more quotes",
  ],
};

A good safety net in case the consumer/caller doesn’t provide a value for the quotes array.
We can even remove it from our index.js now and an error will not be thrown.

Handling Events

To add an event listener to an element, just define a method to handle the event and associate that method with the element event you are listening for. Example

import React from "react";
class AlertButton extends React.Component {
  showAlert = () => {
    window.alert("Button Clicked!");
  };
  render() {
    return (
      <button type="button" onClick={this.showAlert}>
        Submit
      </button>
    );
  }
}

Note that when refering the handler method in onClick we’re not invoking showAlert simply just passing a reference. Preventing default behavior
HTML Elements in the browser often have a lot of default behavior.
I.E. Clicking on an <a> element navigates so a resource denoted by <href> property.
Here is an example of where using e.preventDefault() could come in handy.

import React from "react";
class NoDefaultSubmitForm extends React.Component {
  submitForm = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    window.alert("Handling form submission...");
  };
  render() {
    return (
    <form onSubmit={this.submitForm}>
      <button>Submit</button>
    </form>;
    )}
}

The button contained within the form will end up refreshing the page before this.submitForm method can be completed.
We can stick an e.preventDefault() into the actual method to get around this problem.
e : Parameter that references a Synthetic Event object type. Using this in event handlers

// ./src/AlertButton.js
import React from "react";
class AlertButton extends React.Component {
  showAlert = () => {
    window.alert("Button clicked!");
    console.log(this);
  };
  render() {
    return (
      <button type="button" onClick={this.showAlert}>
        Click Me
      </button>
    );
  }
}
export default AlertButton;

When we console log this we see the AlertButton object.
If we were to write the showAlert method with a regular class method like:

showAlert() {
  console.log(this);
}

We would get undefined => remember that fat arrow binds to the current context! Reviewing class methods and the this keyword
Let’s refresh on binding.

class Boyfriend {
  constructor() {
    this.name = "Momato Riruru";
  }
  displayName() {
    console.log(this.name);
  }
}
const Ming = new Boyfriend();
Ming.displayName(); // => Momato Riruru
const displayAgain = Ming.displayName;
displayAgain(); // => Result in a Type Error: Cannot read property 'name' of undefined.

The first time we use our displayMethod call, it is called directly on the instance of the boyfriend class, which is why Momato Riruru was printed out.
The second time it was called, the ref of the method is stored as a variable and method is called on that variable instead of the instance; resulting in a type error (it has lost it’s context)
Remember we can use the bind method to rebind context!
We can refactor to get the second call working like this:
const displayAgain = Ming.displayName.bind(Ming); displayAgain(); // => Now Momato Riruru will be printed out.
To continue using function declarations vs fat arrow we can assign context in a constructor within a class component.

import React from "react";
class AlertButton extends React.Component {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.showAlert = this.showAlert.bind(this); // binding context
  }
  showAlert() {
    console.log(this);
  }
  render() {
    return (
      <button type="button" onClick={this.showAlert}>
        Submit
      </button>
    );
  }
}
export default AlertButton;

Experimental Syntax : Syntax that has been proposed to add to ECMAScript but hasn't officially been added to the language specification yet.
It’s good to pick one approach and use it consistently, either:

Class Properties & Arrow Functions
Bind Method & This Keyword The SyntheticEvent object

Synthetic Event Objects: Cross Browser wrappeds around the browser’s native event.
Includes the use of stopPropagation() and preventDefault();
Attributes of the Synthetic Event Object:Attributesboolean bubblesboolean cancelableDOMEventTarget currentTargetboolean defaultPreventednumber eventPhaseboolean isTrustedDOMEvent nativeEventvoid preventDefault()boolean isDefaultPrevented()void stopPropagation()boolean isPropagationStopped()void persist()DOMEventTarget targetnumber timeStampstring type
nativeEvent : property defined in a synthetic event object that gives you access to the underlying native browser event (rarely used!)

Forms in React

Exercise being done in a separate file Random Notes

onChange : detects when a value of an input element changes.
Assigning onChange to our input fields makes our component's state update in real time during user input.
Dont forget to add preventDefault onto form submissions to deal with the default behavior of the browser refreshing the page!
submittedOn: new Date(), Can be added to a form, most likely will persist into a DB.
Controlled Components
We use the onChange event handlers on form fields to keep our component's state as the "one source of truth"
Adding an onChange event handler to every single input can massively bloat your code.
Try assiging it to it’s own method to apply everywhere.
textarea is handled differently in react: it takes in a value property to handle what the inner text will be.

// ./src/ContactUs.js
import React from "react";
class ContactUs extends React.Component {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.state = {
      name: "",
      email: "",
      phone: "",
      phoneType: "",
      comments: "",
      validationErrors: [],
    };
  }
  onChange = (e) => {
    const { name, value } = e.target;
    this.setState({ [name]: value });
  };
  // Vanilla JS Function for validating inputs
  validate(name, email) {
    const validationErrors = [];
    if (!name) {
      validationErrors.push("Please provide a Name");
    }
    if (!email) {
      validationErrors.push("Please provide an Email");
    }
    return validationErrors;
  }
  onSubmit = (e) => {
    // Prevent the default form behavior
    // so the page doesn't reload.
    e.preventDefault();
    // Retrieve the contact us information from state.
    const { name, email, phone, phoneType, comments } = this.state;
    // Get Validation Errors - proceeding destructuring values from this.state.
    const validationErrors = this.validate(name, email);
    // If we have errors...
    if (validationErrors.length > 0) {
      this.setState({ validationErrors });
    } else {
      // Proceed normally
      // Create a new object for the contact us information.
      const contactUsInformation = {
        name,
        email,
        phone,
        phoneType,
        comments,
        submittedOn: new Date(),
      };
      console.log(contactUsInformation);
      // Reset the form state.
      this.setState({
        name: "",
        email: "",
        phone: "",
        phoneType: "",
        comments: "",
        validationErrors: [],
      });
    }
  };
  render() {
    const { name, email, phone, phoneType, comments, validationErrors } =
      this.state;
    return (
      <div>
        <h2>Contact Us</h2>
        {validationErrors.length > 0 && (
          <div>
            The following errors were found:
            <ul>
              {validationErrors.map((error) => (
                <li key={error}>{error}</li>
              ))}
            </ul>
          </div>
        )}
        <form onSubmit={this.onSubmit}>
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="name">Name:</label>
            <input
              id="name"
              name="name"
              type="text"
              onChange={this.onChange}
              value={name}
            />
          </div>
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="email">Email:</label>
            <input
              id="email"
              name="email"
              type="text"
              onChange={this.onChange}
              value={email}
            />
          </div>
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="phone">Phone:</label>
            <input
              id="phone"
              name="phone"
              type="text"
              onChange={this.onChange}
              value={phone}
            />
            <select name="phoneType" onChange={this.onChange} value={phoneType}>
              <option value="">Select a phone type...</option>
              {this.props.phoneTypes.map((phoneType) => (
                <option key={phoneType}>{phoneType}</option>
              ))}
            </select>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label htmlFor="comments">Comments:</label>
            <textarea
              id="comments"
              name="comments"
              onChange={this.onChange}
              value={comments}
            />
          </div>
          <div>
            <button>Submit</button>
          </div>
        </form>
      </div>
    );
  }
}
ContactUs.defaultProps = {
  phoneTypes: ["Home", "Work", "Mobile"],
};
export default ContactUs;

We can use validation libraries like validate to make our validation functions more complex.

import isEmail from "validator/es/lib/isEmail";
  validate(name, email) {
    const validationErrors = [];
    if (!name) {
      validationErrors.push("Please provide a Name");
    }
    if (!email) {
      validationErrors.push("Please provide an Email");
    } else if (!isEmail(email)) {
      validationErrors.push("Please provide a valid Email");
    }
    return validationErrors;
  }

Note About Client-side vs server-side validation

Server-side validation is not optional.
Tech-savvy users can manipulate client-side validations.
Sometimes the ‘best approach’ is to skip implementing validations on the client-side and rely completely on the server-side validation.

Component Lifecycle

- Component Lifecycle is simply a way of describing the key moments in the lifetime of a component.

Loading (Mounting)
Updating
Unloading (Unmounting) The lifecycle of a React component

Each Class Component has several lifecycle methods that you can add to run code at specific times.
componentDidMount : Method called after your component has been added to the component tree.
componentDidUpdate : Method called after your component has been updated.
componentWillUnmount : Method called just before your component is removed from the component tree.
Mounting

constructor method is called
render method is called
React updates the DOM
componentDidMount is called

Updating
When component receives new props

render method is called
React updates the DOM
componentDidUpdate is called

When setState is called

render method is called
React updates the DOM
componentDidUpdate is called

Unmounting
The moment before a class component is removed from the component tree:
componentDidMount will be called. Avoiding the legacy lifecycle methods
Occasionally you will encounter some deprecated lifecycle methods:
UNSAFE_componentWillMount
UNSAFE_componentWillReceiveProps
UNSAFE_componentWillUpdate
Just know they will be removed soon from React’s API, peace. Using the class component lifecycle methods Exercise done in sep. directory
Assorted Notes:
Common Use for componentDidMount lifecycle method is for fetching data from an API.

—

Notes

React Context

You can use React Context to pass data through a component tree without having to manually thread props.
Convenient way to share & update global data. Creating a Context

// PupContext.js
import { createContext } from "react";
const PupContext = createContext();
export default PupContext;

We use React.createContext to create context.
Keep in mind if you invoke this method with aruguments, those arguments will be set as default context. Adding a Provider to the App component
In order to pass context over to child components we need to wrap them in a provider component.
The provider component takes in a value property that points to the information that needs to be passed to the children.

<MyContext.Provider value={/* some value */}>
  <ChildComponent />
</MyContext.Provider>

Setting up a Consumer

<MyContext.Consumer>
  {(value) => <Component value={value} />}
</MyContext.Consumer>

Keep in mind that Context.Consumer expects a function as a child.
The function has a value prop passed in from Context.Provider

Notes

Redux Explained

JS Framework for managing the frontend state of a web application.
Gives us ability to store information in an organized manner in a web app and quickly retrieve that information from anywhere in the app.
Redux
Client Side Data Management
Controls “Frontend State”
NOT Your Database
NOT Component State
Just used for managing Data

- Visual of how an app without React manages it’s data. - A lot of prop threading happening. - Data stored in a sep. location — `global data`. The Anatomy of Redux - `Store` - Holds the Frontend State - Provides an API for the Frontend State - `Action` - POJOs - Outline Changes to Frontend State - `Reducers` - Functions - Make Changes to Frontend State Where did Redux come from? - There are three central philosophies of Redux:

A Single Source of Truth : state is stored in a POJO
State is Read Only : State is immutable, modified by dispatching actions.
Changes are Made with Pure Functions : Reducers that receive the actions and return updated state are pure functions of the old state and action. When is it appropriate to use Redux?

When doing a project with simpler global state requirements, it may be better to choose React’s Context API over Redux.
Redux offers more flexibility and support for middleware along with richer developer tools. Vocabulary
State
Redux is a State Manager
State is all the information stored by that program at a particular point in time.
Redux’s main job is to store the state and make it directly available to your entire app.
Store
Redux stores state in a single store.
Redux store is a single JS object with a couple of methods (not a class!)
Methods include: getState, dispatch(action), and subscribe(listener)
Actions
Redux store is updated by dispatching actions
Action is just a POJO that includes a mandatory type property.
Contain info to update the store.
We dispatch actions in response to User actions or AJAX requests.
Pure Functions
Redux Reducers are Pure Functions
Functions are pure when their behavior depends only on it’s arguments as has no side effects.
Simply takes in an argument and outputs a value.
Reducer
Redux handles actions using reducers
A function that is called each time an action is dispatched.
Takes in an action and current state
Required to be pure functions so their behavior is predictable.
Middleware
Customize response to dispatch actions by using Middleware
Middleware is an optional component of Redus that allows custom responses to dispatched actions.
Most common use is to dispatch async requests to a server.
Time Traveling Dev Tools
Redux can time travel wow
Time travel refers to Redux’s ability to revert to a previous state because reducers are all pure functions.
Thunks
Convenient format for taking async actions in Redux
General concept in CS referring to a function who’s primary purpose is to call another function.
Most commonly used to make async API requests.

Flux and Redux

What is Flux?

Front-end application architecutre.
A pattern in which to structure an application.
Unidirectional Data Flow — offers more predictability.
Actions : Begins the data flow of data, simple object that contains a type; type indicates the type of change to be performed.
Dispatcher : Mechanism for distributing actions to the store.
Store : The entire state of the application, responsible for updating the state of your app.
View : Unit of code that's responsible for rendering the user interface. Used to re-render the application when actions and changes occur.

- Redux- Library that facilitates the implementation of Flux. - Redux Three Principles - `Single Source of Truth` - `State is Read-Only` - `Only Pure Functions Change State`

Store

Simply an object that holds the application state wrapped in an API.
Three methods:
getState() : Returns the store's current state.
dispatch(action) : Passes an action into the store's reducer to tell it what info to update.
subscribe(callback) : Registers a callback to be triggered whenever the store updates. Updating the Store

store.dispatch(action);
// Add Orange Action
const addOrange = {
  type: "ADD_FRUIT",
  fruit: "orange",
};
// Reducer for Orange Action
const fruitReducer = (state = [], action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "ADD_FRUIT":
      return [...state, action.fruit];
    default:
      return state;
  }
};
// Run the Dispatch
console.log(store.getState()); // []
store.dispatch(addOrange);
console.log(store.getState()); // [ 'orange' ]

Subscribing to the store

Whenever a store process a dispatch(), it triggers all its subscribers.
Subscribers : callbacks that can be added to the store via subscribe().

const display = () => {
  console.log(store.getState());
};
const unsubscribeDisplay = store.subscribe(display);
store.dispatch(addOrange); // [ 'orange', 'orange' ]
// display will no longer be invoked after store.dispatch()
unsubscribeDisplay();
store.dispatch(addOrange); // no output

Reviewing a simple example

// app.js
const { createStore } = require("redux");
// Define the store's reducer.
const fruitReducer = (state = [], action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "ADD_FRUIT":
      return [...state, action.fruit];
    default:
      return state;
  }
};
// Create the store.
const store = createStore(fruitReducer);
// Define an 'ADD_FRUIT' action for adding an orange to the store.
const addOrange = {
  type: "ADD_FRUIT",
  fruit: "orange",
};
// Log to the console the store's state before and after
// dispatching the 'ADD_FRUIT' action.
console.log(store.getState()); // []
store.dispatch(addOrange);
console.log(store.getState()); // [ 'orange' ]
// Define and register a callback to listen for store updates
// and console log the store's state.
const display = () => {
  console.log(store.getState());
};
const unsubscribeDisplay = store.subscribe(display);
// Dispatch the 'ADD_FRUIT' action. This time the `display` callback
// will be called by the store when its state is updated.
store.dispatch(addOrange); // [ 'orange', 'orange' ]
// Unsubscribe the `display` callback to stop listening for store updates.
unsubscribeDisplay();
// Dispatch the 'ADD_FRUIT' action one more time
// to confirm that the `display` method won't be called
// when the store state is updated.
store.dispatch(addOrange); // no output

Reducers

Reducer function receives the current state and action, updates the state appropriately based on the action.type and returns the following state.
You can bundles different action types and ensuing logic by using a switch/case statement.

const fruitReducer = (state = [], action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "ADD_FRUIT":
      return [...state, action.fruit];
    case "ADD_FRUITS":
      return [...state, ...action.fruits];
    case "SELL_FRUIT":
      const index = state.indexOf(action.fruit);
      if (index !== -1) {
        // remove first instance of action.fruit
        return [...state.slice(0, index), ...state.slice(index + 1)];
      }
      return state; // if action.fruit is not in state, return previous state
    case "SELL_OUT":
      return [];
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

Reviewing how Array#slice works

const fruits = ["apple", "apple", "orange", "banana", "watermelon"];
// The index of the 'orange' element is 2.
const index = fruits.indexOf("orange");
// `...fruits.slice(0, index)` returns the array ['apple', 'apple']
// `...fruits.slice(index + 1)` returns the array ['banana', 'watermelon']
// The spread syntax combines the two array slices into the array
// ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'watermelon']
const newFruits = [...fruits.slice(0, index), ...fruits.slice(index + 1)];

Approach that can be used to remove an element without mutating the original array. Avoiding state mutations
Your reducer must always return a new object if the state changes. GOOD

const goodReducer = (state = { count: 0 }, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "INCREMENT_COUNTER":
      const nextState = Object.assign({}, state);
      nextState.count++;
      return nextState;
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

BAD

const badReducer = (state = { count: 0 }, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "INCREMENT_COUNTER":
      state.count++;
      return state;
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

Actions

Actions are the only way to trigger changes to the store’s state. Using action creators

const addOrange = {
  type: "ADD_FRUIT",
  fruit: "orange",
};
store.dispatch(addOrange);
console.log(store.getState()); // [ 'orange' ]

fruit is the payload key and orange is the state data
Action Creators : Functions created from extrapolating the creation of an action object.

const addFruit = (fruit) => ({
  type: "ADD_FRUIT",
  fruit,
});

Use parenthesis for implicit return value.
We can now add whatever fruit we’d like.

store.dispatch(addFruit("apple"));
store.dispatch(addFruit("strawberry"));
store.dispatch(addFruit("lychee"));
console.log(store.getState()); // [ 'orange', 'apple', 'strawberry', 'lychee' ]

Preventing typos in action type string literals

const ADD_FRUIT = "ADD_FRUIT";
const ADD_FRUITS = "ADD_FRUITS";
const SELL_FRUIT = "SELL_FRUIT";
const SELL_OUT = "SELL_OUT";
const addFruit = (fruit) => ({
  type: ADD_FRUIT,
  fruit,
});
const addFruits = (fruits) => ({
  type: ADD_FRUITS,
  fruits,
});
const sellFruit = (fruit) => ({
  type: SELL_FRUIT,
  fruit,
});
const sellOut = () => ({
  type: SELL_OUT,
});

Using constant variables helps reduce simple typos in a reducer’s case clauses.

Debugging Arrow Functions

It is important to learn how to use debugger statements with arrow functions to effectively debug Redux cycle. Understanding the limitations of implicit return values

const addFruit = (fruit) => {
  return {
    type: "ADD_FRUIT",
    fruit,
  };
};
const addFruit = (fruit) => {
  debugger;
  return {
    type: "ADD_FRUIT",
    fruit,
  };
};

You must use explicit return statement arrow function to use a debugger.

React Router Introduction

Now that you know how to render components in a React app, how do you handle rendering different components for different website pages? React Router is the answer!

Think of how you have created server-side routes in Express. Take the following URL and server-side route. Notice how the /users/:userId path corresponds with the http://localhost:3000/users/2 URL to render a specific HTML page.

// http://localhost:3000/users/2
app.get('/users/:userId', (req, res) => {
  res.render('userProfile.pug');
});

In the default React setup, you lose the ability to create routes in the same manner as in Express. This is what React Router aims to solve!

React Router is a frontend routing library that allows you to control which components to display using the browser location. A user can also copy and paste a URL and email it to a friend or link to it from their own website.

When you finish this article, you should be able to use the following from the react-router-dom library:

<BrowserRouter> to provide your application access to the react-router-dom library; and
<Route> to connect specific URL paths to specific components you want rendered; and
<Switch> to wrap several Route elements, rendering only one even if several match the current URL; and
React Router’s match prop to access route path parameters.

Getting started with routing

Since you are writing single page apps, you don’t want to refresh the page each time you change the browser location. Instead, you want to update the browser location and your app’s response using JavaScript. This is known as client-side routing. You are using React, so you will use React Router to do this.

Create a simple react project template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template @appacademy/simple

Then install React Router:

npm install --save react-router-dom@^5.1.2

Now import BrowserRouter from react-router-dom in your entry file:

import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom`;

BrowserRouter

BrowserRouter is the primary component of the router that wraps your route hierarchy. It creates a React context that passes routing information down to all its descendent components. For example, if you want to give <App> and all its children components access to React Router, you would wrap <App> like so:

// ./src/index.js
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom';
import App from './App';

const Root = () => {
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <App />
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <Root />
  </React.StrictMode>,
  document.getElementById('root'),
);

Now you can route the rendering of certain components to certain URLs (i.e https://www.website.com/profile).

HashRouter

Alternatively, you could import and use HashRouter from react-router-dom. Links for applications that use <HashRouter> would look like https://www.website.com/#/profile (with an # between the domain and path).

You’ll focus on using the <BrowserRouter>.

Creating frontend routes

React Router helps your React application render specific components based on the URL. The React Router component you’ll use most often is <Route>.

The <Route> component is used to wrap another component, causing that component to only be rendered if a certain URL is matched. The behavior of the <Route> component is controlled by the following props: path, component, exact, and render (optional).

Create a simple Users component that returns <h1>This is the users index!</h1>. Now let's refactor your index.js file so that you can create your routes within the component:

// ./src/index.js
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import { BrowserRouter, Route } from 'react-router-dom';
import App from './App';
import Users from './Users';

const Root = () => {
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <div>
        {/* TODO: Routes */}
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <Root />
  </React.StrictMode>,
  document.getElementById('root'),
);

Note that BrowserRouter can only have a single child component, so the snippet above wraps all routes within parent a <div> element. Now let's create some routes!

component

Begin with the component prop. This prop takes a reference to the component to be rendered. Let's render your App component:

const Root = () => {
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <div>
        <Route component={App} />
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

Now you’ll need to connect a path to the component!

path

The wrapped component will only be rendered when the path is matched. The path matches the URL when it matches some initial portion of the URL. For example, a path of / would match both of the following URLs: / and /users. (Because /users begins with a / it matches the path /)

<Route path='/' component={App} />
<Route path='/users' component={Users} />

Take a moment to navigate to http://localhost:3000/users to see how both the App component and Users component are rendering.

exact

If this exact flag is set, the path will only match when it exactly matches the URL. Then browsing to the /users path would no longer match / and only the Users component will be rendered (instead of both the App component and Users component).

<Route exact path='/' component={App} />
<Route path='/users' component={Users} />

render

This is an optional prop that takes in a function to be called. The function will be called when the path matches. The function’s return value is rendered. You could also define a functional component inside the component prop, but this results in extra, unnecessary work for React. The render prop is preferred for inline rendering of simple functional components.

The difference between using component and render is that component returns new JSX to be re-mounted every time the route renders, while render simply returns to JSX what will be mounted once and re-rendered. For any given route, you should only use either the component prop, or the render prop. If both are supplied, only the component prop will be used.

// This inline rendering will work, but is unnecessarily slow.
<Route path="/hello" component={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />

// This is the preferred way for inline rendering.
<Route path="/hello" render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />

It can be helpful to use render instead of component in your <Route> when you need to pass props into the rendered component. For example, imagine that you needed to pass the users object as a prop to your Users component. Then you could pass in props from Root to Users by returning the Users component like so:

// `users` to be passed as a prop:
const users = {
  1: { name: 'Andrew' },
  2: { name: 'Raymond' }
};

<Route path="/users" render={() => <Users users={users} />} />

As a reminder, BrowserRouter can only have a single child component. That's why you have wrapped all your routes within parent a <div> element.

const Root = () => {
  const users = {
    1: { name: 'Andrew' },
    2: { name: 'Raymond' }
  };

  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <div>
        <h1>Hi, I'm Root!</h1>
        <Route exact path="/" component={App} />
        <Route path="/hello" render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />
        <Route path="/users" render={() => <Users users={users} />} />
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

With this Root component, you will always render the <h1>Hi, I'm Root!</h1>, regardless of the path. Because of the first <Route>, you will only render the App component if the path exactly matches /. Because of the second <Route>, you will only render the Users component if the path matches /users.

Route path params

A component’s props can also hold information about a URL’s parameters. The router will match route segments starting at : up to the next /, ?, or #. Those matched values are then passed to components via their props. Such segments are wildcard values that make up your route parameters.

For example, take the route below:

<Route path="/users/:userId"
       render={(props) => <Profile users={users} {...props} />} />

The router would break down the full /users/:userId/photos path to two parts: /users, :userId.

The Profile component's props would have access to the :userId part of the http://localhost:3000/users/:userId/photos URL through the props with router parameter information. You would access the the match prop's parameters (props.match.params). If you are using the render prop of the Route component, make sure to spread the props back into the component if you want it to know about the "match" parameters.

// Route's `render` prop allows you to pass the `users`
// prop and spread the router `props`.
render={(props) => <Profile users={users} {...props} />}

The params object would then have a property of userId which would hold the value of the :userId wildcard value. Let's render the userId parameter in a user profile component. Take a moment to create a Profile.js file with the following code:

// ./src/Profile.js
import React from "react";

const Profile = (props) => (
  <div>
    The user's id is {props.match.params.userId}.
  </div>
);

export default Profile;

Notice how it uses the match prop to access the :userId parameter from the URL. You can use this wildcard to make and AJAX call to fetch the user information from the database and render the return data in the Profile component. Recall that your Profile component was rendered at the path /users/:userId. Thus you can use your userId parameters from match.params to fetch a specific user:

// ./src/Profile.js
import React from "react";

const Profile = ({ users, match: { params } }) => {

  // In a real-world scenario, you'd make a call to an API to fetch the user,
  // instead of passing down and keying into a `users` prop.
  const user = users[params.userId];

  return (
    <div>
      The user's id is {params.userId} and the user's name is {user.name}.
    </div>
  );
};

export default Profile;

Match

Now that you’ve seen your React Router’s match prop in action, let's go over more about route props! React Router passes information to the components as route props, accessible to all components with access to the React Router. The three props it makes available are location, match and history. You've learned about props.match.params, but now let's review the other properties of the match prop!

This is an object that contains important information about how the current URL matches the route path. Here are some of the more useful keys on the match object:

isExact: a boolean that tells you whether or not the URL exactly matches the path
url: the current URL
path: the route path it matched against (without wildcards filled in)
params: the matches for the individual wildcard segments, nested under their names

When you use React Router, the browser location and history are a part of the state of your app. You can store information about which component should be displayed, which user profile you are currently viewing, or any other piece of state, in the browser location. You can then access that information from anywhere your Router props are passed to in your app.

Now that you’ve learned about parameters and route props, let’s revisit your Root component to add an exact flag to your /users route so that it does not render with your /users/:userId route. Your component should look something like this:

const Root = () => {
  const users = {
    1: { name: 'Andrew' },
    2: { name: 'Raymond' }
  };

  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <h1>Hi, I'm Root!</h1>
      <div>
        <Route exact path="/" component={App} />
        <Route path="/hello" render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />

        {/* Render the `Users` page if no ID is included. */}
        <Route exact path="/users" render={() => <Users users={users} />} />

        {/* Otherwise, render the profile page for that userId. */}
        <Route path="/users/:userId" component={(props) => <Profile users={users} {...props} />} />
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

What you learned

In this article, you learned how to:

Use components from the React Router library; and
Create routes to render specific components; and
Manage the order of rendered routes; and
Use the exact flag to ensure that a specific path renders a specific component; and
Use the React Router match prop to access Router params.

Now that you know how to create front-end routes with React Router, you’ll need to implement a way for your users to navigate the routes! This is what using React Router’s Link, NavLink, Redirect, and history prop can help you do.

In this article, you’ll be working off of the demo project you built in the React Router Intro reading. When you finish this article, you should be able to use the following components from the react-router-dom library:

<Link> or <NavLink> to create links with absolute paths to routes in your application (like "/users/1"); and,
<Redirect> to redirect a user to another path (i.e. a login page when the user is not logged in); and
React Router’s history prop to update a browser's URL programmatically.

React Router’s <Link> is one way to simplify navigation around your app. It issues an on-click navigation event to a route defined in your app's router. Using <Link> renders an anchor tag with a correctly set href attribute.

Link

To use it, update your imports from the react-router-dom package to include Link:

import { BrowserRouter, Route, Link } from 'react-router-dom';

Note that <Link> can take two props: to and onClick.

The to prop is a route location description that points to an absolute path, (i.e. /users). Add the following Link components in your index.js file above your routes:

<Link to="/">App</Link>
<Link to="/users">Users</Link>
<Link to="/users/1">Andrew's Profile</Link>

The onClick prop is just like any other JSX click handler. You can write a function that takes in an event and handles it. Add the following Link before your routes and the following click handler function within your Root component:

// Link with onClick prop
<Link to="/" onClick={handleClick}>App with click handler</Link>

// Click handler function
const handleClick = () => {
  console.log('Thanks for clicking!')
};

Now, test your routes and links! If you inspect the page, you’ll see that your links are now rendered as <a> elements. Notice that clicking the App with click handler link logs a message in your console while directing your browser to render the App component.

NavLink

The <NavLink> works just like a <Link>, but with a little extra functionality. It has the ability to add extra styling when the path it links to matches the current path. This makes it an ideal choice for a navigation bar, hence the name. This styling can be controlled by three extra props: activeClassName, activeStyle, and exact. To begin using NavLink, update your imports from the react-router-dom package:

import { BrowserRouter, Route, NavLink } from 'react-router-dom';

The activeClassName prop of the NavLink component allows you to set a CSS class name for styling the NavLink when its route is active. By default, the activeClassName is already set to active. This means that you simply need to add an .active class to your CSS file to add active styling to your link. A NavLink will be active if its to prop path matches the current URL.

Let’s change your “Users”, “Hello”, and “Andrew’s Profile” links to be different colors and have a larger font size when active.

<NavLink to="/">App</NavLink>
<NavLink activeClassName="red" to="/users">Users</NavLink>
<NavLink activeClassName="blue" to="/hello">Hello</NavLink>
<NavLink activeClassName="green" to="/users/1">Andrew's Profile</NavLink>
<NavLink to="/" onClick={handleClick}>App with click handler</NavLink>

For example, this is what the rendered HTML <a> tag would look like when when the browser is navigated to the / path or the /users path:

<!-- Navigated to the / path (the activeClassName
     prop is set to active by default) -->
<a href="/" class="active">App</a>

<!-- NOT navigated to the `/` path -->
<a href="/">App</a>

<!-- Navigated to the /users path (the activeClassName
     prop is manually set to red) -->
<a href="/users" class="red">Users</a>

<!-- NOT navigated to the `/users` path -->
<a href="/users">Users</a>

Import NavLink into your index.js file and take a moment to update all your Link elements to NavLink elements. Set an activeClassName prop to an active class. Add the following .active class to your index.css file:

.active {
  font-weight: bold;
}

.red {
  color: red;
  font-size: 30px;
}

.blue {
  color: blue;
  font-size: 30px;
}

.green {
  color: green;
  font-size: 30px;
}

Test your styled links! Notice how the App and App with click handler links are always bolded. This is because all of your links include the / path, meaning that the link to / will be active when browsing to /users and /users/1 because of how users and users/1 are both prefaced by a /.

The activeStyle prop is a style object that will be applied inline to the NavLink when its to prop matches the current URL. Add the following activeStyle to your App link and comment out the .active class in your CSS file.

<NavLink to="/" activeStyle={{ fontWeight: "bold" }}>App</NavLink>

The following html is rendered when at the / path:

<a href="/" style="font-weight:bold;" class="active">App</a>

Notice how your App with click handler is not bolded anymore. This is because the default active class being applied does not have any CSS stylings set to the class. Uncomment your .active class in your CSS file to bring back bolding to this NavLink.

The exact prop is a boolean that defaults to false. If set to true, then the activeStyle and activeClassName props will only be applied when the current URL exactly matches the to prop. Update your App and App with click handler links with an exact prop set. Just like in your routes, you can use the exact flag instead of exact={true}.

<NavLink to="/" exact={true} activeStyle={{ fontWeight: "bold" }}>App</NavLink>
<NavLink to="/" exact onClick={handleClick}>App with click handler</NavLink>

Now your App and App with click handler links will only be bolded when you have navigated precisely to the / path.

Switching between routes

You came across styling issues when the /users and /users/1 paths matched the / path. Routing can have this issue as well. This is why you need to control the switching between routes.

React Router’s <Switch> component allows you to only render one <Route> even if several match the current URL. You can nest as many Routes as you wish between the opening and closing Switch tags, but only the first one that matches the current URL will be rendered.

This is particularly useful if you want a default component that will only render if none of our other routes match. View the example below. Without the Switch, DefaultComponent would always render. Since there isn't set a path in the DefaultComponent route, it will simply use the default path of /. Now the DefaultComponent will only render when neither of the preceding routes match.

<Switch>
  <Route path="some/url" component={SomeComponent} />
  <Route path="some/other/url" component={OtherComponent} />
  <Route component={DefaultComponent} />
</Switch>

Import Switch from react-router-dom and add <Switch> tags around your routes to take care of ordering and switching between your routes! Begin by adding the following route to the bottom of your routes to render that a 404: Page not found message:

<Route render={() => <h1>404: Page not found</h1>} />

This is what your Root component should look like at this point:

const Root = () => {
  const users = [
    { name: 'andrew' },
    { name: 'raymond' }
  ];

  const handleClick = () => {
    console.log('Thanks for clicking!')
  };

  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <h1>Hi, I'm Root!</h1>

      <div>
        <NavLink to="/" exact={true} activeStyle={{ fontWeight: "bold" }}>App</NavLink>
        <NavLink activeClassName="red" to="/users">Users</NavLink>
        <NavLink activeClassName="blue" to="/hello">Hello</NavLink>
        <NavLink activeClassName="green" to="/users/1">Andrew's Profile</NavLink>
        <NavLink to="/" exact onClick={handleClick}>App with click handler</NavLink>

        <Switch>
          <Route path="/users/:userId" component={(props) => <Profile users={users} {...props} />} />
          <Route exact path="/users" render={() => <Users users={users} />} />
          <Route path="/hello" render={() => <h1>Hello!</h1>} />
          <Route exact path="/" component={App} />
          <Route render={() => <h1>404: Page not found</h1>} />
        </Switch>
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
};

Now you have control over the precedence of rendered components! Try navigating to http://localhost:3000/asdf or any other route you have not defined. The <h1>404: Page not found</h1> JSX of the last <Route> will be rendered whenever the browser attempts to visit an undefined route.

Redirecting users

But what if you want to redirect users to a login page when they aren’t logged in? The <Redirect> component from React Router helps you redirect users!

The component takes only one prop: to. When it renders, it replaces the current URL with the value of its to prop. Typically you conditionally render <Redirect> to redirect the user away from some page you don't want them to visit. The example below checks whether there is a defined currentUser prop. If so, the <Route> will render the Home component. Otherwise, it will redirect the user to the /login path.

<Route
  exact path="/"
  render={() => (this.props.currentUser ? <Home /> : <Redirect to="/login" />)}
/>

Note: you will learn how to use a more flexible auth pattern — don’t directly imitate this example.

History

You know how to redirect users with a <Redirect> component, but what if you need to redirect users programmatically? You've learned about the React Router's match prop, but now let's go over another one of the route props: history!

// Pushing a new URL (and adding to the end of history stack):
const handleClick = () => this.props.history.push('/some/url');

// Replacing the current URL (won't be tracked in history stack):
const redirect = () => this.props.history.replace('/some/other/url');

This prop lets you update the URL programmatically. For example, suppose you want to push a new URL when the user clicks a button. It has two useful methods:

push - This adds a new URL to the end of the history stack. That means that clicking the back button will take the browser to the previous URL. Note that pushing the same URL multiple times in a row will have no effect; the URL will still only show up on the stack once. In development mode, pushing the same URL twice in a row will generate a console warning. This warning is disabled in production mode.
replace - This replaces the current URL on the history stack, so the back button won't take you to it. For example:

What you learned

In this article, you learned how to:

Create navigation links for your route paths; and
Redirect users through using the <Redirect> component; and
Update a browser’s URL programmatically by using React Router’s history prop.

React Router Nested Routes

Now you know how to create front-end routes and add navigation with React Router. When initializing Express projects, you declare static routes. Static routes are routes that are declared when an application is initialized. When using React Router in your application’s initialization, you can declare dynamic routes. React Router introduces dynamic routing, where your routes are created as your application is rendering. This allows you to create nested routes within components!

In this article, let’s dive into nested routes! When you finish the article, you should:

Describe what nested routes are; and
Be able to use React Router to create and navigate nested routes; and
Know how to use the React Router match prop to generate links and routes.

Why nested routes?

Let’s begin with why you might need nested routes. As you remember, you are using React to create a single-page application. This means that you’ll be organizing your application into different components and sub-components.

For example, imagine creating a simple front-end application with three main pages: a home welcome page (path of /), a users index page (path of /users), and user profile pages (path of /users/:userId). Now imagine if every user had links to separate posts and photos pages.

You can create those routes and links within the user profile component, instead of creating the routes and links where the main routes are defined.

What are nested routes?

Now let’s dive into a user profile component to understand what are nested routes! Imagine you have a route in your application’s entry file to each user’s profile like so:

<Route path="/users/:userId" component={Profile} />

This means that upon navigating to http://localhost:3000/users/1, you would render the following Profile component and the userId parameter within props.match.params would have the value of "1".

const Profile = (props) => {
  // Custom call to database to fetch a user by a user ID.
  const user = fetchUser(props.match.params.userId);
  const { name, id } = user;

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Welcome to the profile of {name}!</h1>

      {/* Links to a specific user's posts and photos */}
      <Link to={`/users/${id}/posts`}>{name}'s Posts</Link>
      <Link to={`/users/${id}/photos`}>{name}'s Photos</Link>

      {/* Routes to a specific user's posts and photos */}
      <Route path='/users/:userId/posts' component={UserPosts} />
      <Route path='/users/:userId/photos' component={UserPhotos} />
    </div>
  );
};

Since this route is not created until the Profile component is rendered, you are dynamically creating your nested /users/:userId/posts and /users/:userId/photos routes. Remember that your match prop also has other helpful properties. You can use match.url instead of /users/${id} in your profile links. You can also use match.path instead of /users/:userId in your profile routes. Remember that you can destructure url, path, and params from your match prop!

// Destructure `match` prop
const Profile = ({ match: { url, path, params }) => {

  // Custom call to database to fetch a user by a user ID.
  const user = fetchUser(params.userId);
  const { name, id } = user;

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Welcome to the profile of {name}!</h1>

      {/* Replaced `/users/${id}` URL with `props.match.url` */}
      <Link to={`${url}/posts`}>{name}'s Posts</Link>
      <Link to={`${url}/photos`}>{name}'s Photos</Link>

      {/* Replaced `/users/:userId` path with `props.match.path` */}
      <Route path={`${path}/posts`} component={UserPosts} />
      <Route path={`${path}/photos`} component={UserPhotos} />
    </div>}
  );
};

In tomorrow’s project, you’ll build a rainbow of routes as well as define nested routes. In the future, you may choose to implement nested routes to keep your application’s routes organized within related components.

What you learned

In this article, you learned:

What nested routes are; and
About creating and navigating nested routes with React Router; and
How to use the React Router props to generate nested links and routes.

React Builds

A “build” is the process of converting code into something that can actually execute or run on the target platform. A “front-end build” is a process of preparing a front-end or client-side application for the browser.

With React applications, that means (at a minimum) converting JSX to something that browsers can actually understand. When using Create React App, the build process is automatically configured to do that and a lot more.

When you finish this article, you should be able to:

Describe what front-end builds are and why they’re needed;
Describe at a high level what happens in a Create React App when you run npm start; and
Prepare to deploy a React application into a production environment.

Understanding front-end builds

The need for front-end builds predates React. Over the years, developers have found it helpful to extend the lowest common denominator version of JavaScript and CSS that they could use.

Sometimes developers extend JavaScript and CSS with something like TypeScript or Sass. Using these non-standard languages and syntaxes require you to use a build process to convert your code into standard JavaScript and CSS that can actually run in the browser.

Browser-based applications also require a fair amount of optimization to deliver the best, or at least acceptable, experience to end users. Front-end build processes could be configured to lint code, run unit tests, optimize images, minify and bundle code, and more — all automatically at the press of a button (i.e. running a command at the terminal).

JavaScript versions and the growth of front-end builds

Developers are generally an impatient lot. When new features are added to JavaScript, we don’t like to wait for browsers to widely support those features before we start to use them in our code. And we really don’t like when we have to support older, legacy versions of browsers.

In recent years, JavaScript has been updated on a yearly basis and browser vendors do a decent job of updating their browsers to support the new features as they’re added to the language. Years ago though, there was an infamous delay between versions 5 and 6 of JavaScript. It took years before ES6 (or ES2015 as it eventually was renamed to) to officially be completed and even longer before browsers supported all of its features.

In the period of time before ES2015 was broadly supported by browsers, developers used front-end builds to convert or transpile ES2015 features and syntax to an older version of the language that was more broadly supported by browsers (typically ES5). The transpilation from ES2015/ES6 down to ES5 was one of the major drivers for developers to add front-end builds to their client-side projects.

Reviewing common terminology

When learning about front-end or React builds, you’ll encounter a lot of terminology that you may or may not be familiar with. Here’s some of the terminology that you’ll likely encounter:

Linting is process of using a tool to analyze your code to catch common programming errors, bugs, stylistic inconsistencies, and suspicious coding patterns. ESLint is a popular JavaScript linting tool.

Transpilation is the process of converting source code, like JavaScript, from one version to another version. Usually this means converting newer versions of JavaScript, ES2019 or ES2021, to a version that’s more widely supported by browsers, like ES2015, or even ES5 or ES3 (if you need to support the browser that your parents or grandparents use).

Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters in your code (e.g. white space characters, new line characters, comments) to produce an overall smaller file. Minification tools will often also rename identifers in your code (i.e. parameter and variable names) in the quest for smaller and smaller file sizes. Source maps can also be generated to allow debugging tools to cross reference between minified code and the original source code.

Bundling is the process of combining multiple code files into a single file. Creating a bundle (or a handful of bundles) reduces the number of requests that a client needs to make to the server.

Tree shaking is the process of removing unused (or dead) code from your application before it’s bundled. Tree shaking external dependencies can sometimes have a dramatic positive impact on overall bundled file sizes.

Configuration or code?

Front-end build tools have come and gone over the years; sometimes very quickly, which helped bring about the phenomenon known as JavaScript fatigue.

Configuration based tools allow you to create your build tasks by declaring (usually using JSON, XML, or YAML) what you want to be done, without explicitly writing every step in the process. In contrast, coding or scripting based tools allow you to, well, write code to create your build tasks. Configuration based tools can sometimes feel simpler to use while giving up some control (at least initially) while coding based tools can feel more familiar and predictable (since you’re describing tasks procedurally). Every generalization is false though (including this one), so there are plenty of exceptions.

Grunt is a JSON configuration based task runner that can be used to orchestrate the various tasks that make up your front-end build. Grunt was very quickly supplanted by Gulp, which allowed developers to write JavaScript to define front-end build tasks. After Gulp, the front-end tooling landscape became a bit more muddled. Some developers preferred the simplicity of using npm scripts to define build tasks while others preferred the power of configuration based bundlers like webpack.

Babel and webpack (yes, that’s intentionally a lowercase ‘w’)

As front-end or client-side applications grew in complexity, developers found themselves wanting to leverage more advanced JavaScript features and newer syntax like classes, arrow functions, destructuring, async/await, etc. Using a code transpiler, like Babel, allows you to use all of the latest and greatest features and syntax without worrying about what browsers support what.

Module loaders and bundlers, like webpack, also allowed developers to use JavaScript modules without requiring users to use a browser that natively supports ES modules. Also, module bundling (along with minification and tree-shaking) helps to reduce the bandwidth that’s required to deliver the assets for your application to the client.

[Create React App][cra] uses webpack (along with Babel) under the covers to build your React applications. Even if you’re not using Create React App, webpack and Babel are still very popular choices for building React applications.

Pulling back the covers (a bit) on the Create React App build process

Running an application created by Create React App using npm start can feel magical. Some stuff happens in the terminal and your application opens into your default browser. Even better, when you make changes to your application, your changes will (usually) automatically appear in the browser!

The Create React App build process

At a high level, here’s what happens when you run npm start:

Environment variables are loaded (more about this in a bit);
The list of browsers to support are checked (more about this too in a bit);
The configured HTTP port is checked to ensure that it’s available;
The application compiler is configured and created;
webpack-dev-server is started;
webpack-dev-server compiles your application;
The index.html file is loaded into the browser; and
A file watcher is started to watch your files, waiting for changes.

Ejecting

Create React App provides a script that you can run to “eject” your application from the Create React App tooling. When you eject your application, all of the hidden stuff is exposed so that you can review and customize it.

The need to customize Create React App rarely happens. Also, don’t eject an actual project as it’s a one-way trip! Once a Create React App project has been ejected, there’s no going back (though you could always undo the ejection process by reverting to an earlier commit if you’re using source control).

To eject your application from Create React App, run the command npm run eject. You'll be prompted if you want to continue; type "y" to continue with the ejection process. Once the ejection process has completed, you can review the files that were previously hidden from you.

In the package.json file, you'll see the following npm scripts:

{
  "scripts": {
    "start": "node scripts/start.js",
    "build": "node scripts/build.js",
    "test": "node scripts/test.js"
  }
}

You can open the ./scripts/start.js file to see the code that's executed when you run npm start.

If you’re curious about the webpack configuration, you can open and review the ./config/webpack.config.js.

Preparing to deploy a React application for production

Before you deploy your application to production, you’ll want to make sure that you’ve replaced static values in your code with environment variables and considered what browsers you need to support.

Defining environment variables

Create React App supports defining environment variables in an .env file. To define an environment variable, add an .env file to your project and define one or more variables that start with the prefix REACT_APP_:

REACT_APP_FOO: some value
REACT_APP_BAR: another value

Environment variables can be used in code like this:

console.log(process.env.REACT_APP_FOO);

You can also reference environment variables in your index.html like this:

<title>%REACT_APP_BAR%</title>

Important: Environment variables are embedded into your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript bundles during the build process. Because of this, it’s very important to not store any secrets, like API keys, in your environment variables as anyone can view your bundled code in the browser by inspecting your files.

Configuring the supported browsers

In your project’s package.json file, you can see the list of targeted browsers:

{
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "last 1 chrome version",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  }
}

Adjusting these targets affect how your code will be transpiled. Specifying older browser versions will result in your code being transpiled to older versions of JavaScript in order to be compatible with the specified browser versions. The production list specifies the browsers to target when creating a production build and the development list specifics the browsers to target when running the application using npm start.

The browserl.ist website can be used to see the browsers supported by your configured browserslist.

Creating a production build

To create a production build, run the command npm run build. The production build process bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance. When the command completes, you'll find your production ready files in the build folder.

Now your application is ready to be deployed!

For more information about how to deploy a Create React App project into production, see this page in the official documentation.

What you learned

In this article, you learned how to:

Describe what front-end builds are and why they’re needed;
Describe at a high level what happens in a Create React App when you run npm start; and
Prepare to deploy a React application into a production environment.

React Router Documentation

Now that you’ve had an introduction to React Router, feel free to explore the official documentation to learn more! As you become a full-fledged software engineer, remember that documentation is your friend. You can take a brief overview for now, as the documentation might include a lot of information at first. The more you learn about React, the more you should revisit the official documentation and learn!

Setting up React Router

Routes and Links

Switch and Redirect

React Router Params (ownProps)

Rainbow Routes Project

Today you’re going to get our first experience using React Router. The goal is to create a basic app that displays the colors of the rainbow. This rainbow, however, has something special about it — some of the colors are nested within others.

Phase 0: Setup

Begin by creating a new React project:

npx create-react-app rainbow-routes --template @appacademy/simple

Now you’ll remove all the contents of your src and all the contents from your public directory to build the application architecture from scratch! After you have deleted all your files within the directories, create a new index.html file in your public folder. Use the html:5 emmet shortcut to generate an HTML template. Title your page "Rainbow Routes" and create a div with an id of root in your DOM's <body> element. Create an index.css file in your src directory with the following code. Now let's create your entry file!

h4 {
  color: darkblue;
  cursor: pointer;
}

h4:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

#rainbow {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 300px;
}

h3 {
  position: absolute;
  top: 1px;
}

.red {
  background-color: red;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

.orange {
  background-color: orange;
  width: 100px;
  height: 50px;
}

.yellow {
  background-color: yellow;
  width: 100px;
  height: 50px;
}

.green {
  background-color: green;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

.blue {
  background-color: blue;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

.indigo {
  background-color: mediumslateblue;
  width: 100px;
  height: 50px;
}

.violet {
  background-color: darkviolet;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

a {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

Create an index.js entry file in the src directory. At the top of the file, make sure to import React from the react package and ReactDOM from the react-dom package. Make sure to also import your the index.css file you just created! This will take care of styling your rainbow routes.

Now you can use the ReactDOM.render() method to render a <Root /> component instead of the DOM element with an id of root. Lastly, wrap your render function with a DOMContentLoaded event listener, like so:

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
  ReactDOM.render(
    <Root />,
    document.getElementById('root'),
  );
});

Let’s create your Root component right in your entry file! Your Root component will take care of applying your BrowserRouter to the application. Applying the BrowserRouter to your Root component allows all the child components rendering within <BrowserRouter> tags to use and access the Route, Link, and NavLink components within the react-router-dom package.

const Root = () => (
  // TODO: Apply BrowserRouter
  // TODO: Render rainbow
);

Install the react-router-dom package:

npm install react-router-dom@^5.0.0

Now import BrowserRouter from the react-router-dom package, like so:

import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom';

You’re going to be rendering a lot of components, so let’s keep your src directory organized by creating a components directory within. Within your new ./src/components directory, create a Rainbow.js file for your Rainbow component with the following code:

// ./src/components/Rainbow.js
import React from 'react';
import { Route, Link, NavLink } from 'react-router-dom';

const Rainbow = () => (
  <div>
    <h1>Rainbow Router!</h1>
    {/* Your links should go here */}

    <div id="rainbow">
      {/* Your routes should go here */}
    </div>
  </div>
);

export default Rainbow;

Your Rainbow component will act as the home page or default path (/) of your application. Import the Rainbow component into your entry file and have your Root component render <Rainbow /> wrapped within <BrowserRouter> tags, like so:

const Root = () => (
  <BrowserRouter>
    <Rainbow />
  </BrowserRouter>
);

Within your Rainbow component, you'll be rendering <NavLink> and <Route> components to add different navigation paths to different components. Let's create all the components you will render!

Create files for the following components in your ./src/components directory:

Red
Blue
Green
Indigo
Orange
Violet
Yellow

Your Red and Blue components will look something like this:

import React from 'react';
import { Route, Link, NavLink } from 'react-router-dom';

const Color = () => (
  <div>
    <h2 className="color">Color</h2>
    {/* Links here */}

    {/* Routes here */}
  </div>
);

export default Color;

Your Green, Indigo, Orange, Violet, and Yellow components will look something like this:

import React from 'react';

const Color = () => (
  <div>
    <h3 className="color">Color</h3>
  </div>
);

export default Color;

Now start your server and verify you can see the “Rainbow Router!” header from your Rainbow component. Currently there is no functionality. Let's fix that!

Phase 1: Routes

As a reminder, wrapping the Rainbow component in <BrowserRouter> tags makes the router available to all descendent React Router components. Now open the Rainbow.js file. You're going to render some of your color components from here. Ultimately you want your routes to look like this.

URLComponents/Rainbow/redRainbow -> Red/red/orangeRainbow -> Red -> Orange/red/yellowRainbow -> Red -> Yellow/greenRainbow -> Green/blueRainbow -> Blue/blue/indigoRainbow -> Blue -> Indigo/violetRainbow -> Violet

This means that the Red, Green, Blue, and Violet components need to render in the Rainbow component, but only when you are at the corresponding URL. You'll do this with Route components. Begin by importing the Red, Green, Blue, and Violet components into your Rainbow.js file. Then add the necessary Route components inside the div with id="rainbow" in the Rainbow component. For example to render the Red component with the /red path, you would use the following Route component:

<Route path="/red" component={Red} />

Test that your code works! Manually type in each URL you just created, and you should see the color component pop up. Remember, these are React Routes, so the paths you created will come after the /. For example, your default rainbow route will look like http://localhost:3000/ while your red route will look like http://localhost:3000/red.

You want to nest the Orange and Yellow components inside the Red component, and the Indigo component inside the Blue component. Remember to import your components to use them in a Route tag. You'll have to go add the corresponding Route tags to the Red.js and Blue.js files. Make sure to use the correct nested paths, such as "/red/orange" for the orange Route.

Phase 2: Links

Manually navigating to our newly created routes is tiresome, so let’s add functionality to take care of this process for us. React Router provides the Link and NavLink components for this purpose.

Add Links to the paths /red, /green, /blue, and /violet in the Rainbow component. For example, your red link should look like

<Link to="/red">Red</NavLink>

When you are at blue you want to be able to get to /blue/indigo, and then back to /blue. Add the corresponding Links to the Blue component like this:

<Link to='/blue' >Blue only</Link>
<Link to='/blue/indigo' >Add indigo</Link>

Similarly, add Links to /red, /red/orange and /red/yellow to the Red component. Test all your links. Navigation is so much easier now!

Phase 3: NavLinks

It would be nice if our links gave us some indication of which route you were at. Fortunately, React Router has a special component for that very purpose: NavLink. NavLinks get an extra CSS class when their to prop matches the current URL. By default this class is called active.

Go ahead and switch all your Links to NavLinks. If you open the app you won't see any change yet. That's because you haven't added any special styling to the active class. Go ahead and open the index.css file. Create an .active class and add the line font-weight: 700. Now your active links will be bold. Isn't that nice!

The only problem is that now the Blue only link is active even when the path is /blue/indigo. That doesn't make a lot of sense. Let's add the exact flag to that link so it will only be active when its to exactly matches the current path. Now it should look like:

<NavLink exact to="/blue">
  Blue only
</NavLink>

Do the same for the Red only link. Everything should be working now.

Phase 4 — Changing NavLink’s Active Class

You’ve already set up NavLink to bold the link text using the .active class in src/index.css. But what if you wanted this class to be something else? For instance, what if you want your main color links (Red, Green, Blue, Violet) to be styled differently when active than your sub-route links (Red Only, Add Orange, Add Yellow, etc.).

You can set the class that React Router sets to an active NavLink by adding the activeClassName prop.

For instance, when we are at a route matching the below NavLink's to prop, the component will have a class of .parent-active applied:

<NavLink to="/blue" activeClassName="parent-active" >
  Blue
</NavLink>

This allows much more flexibility to style an active NavLink!

Using the example above, add an activeClassName prop to each of your NavLinks in src/components/Rainbow.js. Now, add some CSS styling for that class in your src/index.css to distinguish your main and your sub-route links.

Compare your work to the solution and make sure the behavior is the same. Time to celebrate! ✨ 🌈 ✨

You can also learn more about using the React Router at reacttraining.com!

Exploring React Builds Project

In this project, you’ll use Create React App to create a simple React application. You’ll experiment with some of the features that Create React App provides and deploy a production build of your application to a standalone Express application.

Phase 0: Setup

Begin by using the create-react-app package to create a React application:

npx create-react-app exploring-react-builds --template @appacademy/simple

Remember that using the create-react-app command initializes your project as a Git repository. If you use the ls -a to view the hidden files in your project, you'll see the.git file.

Update the App component:

Wrap the <h1> element with a <div> element; and
Change the <h1> element content to something like "Exploring React Builds".

// ./src/App.js

import React from 'react';

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Exploring React Builds</h1>
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

Phase 1: Using CSS modules

You’ve already seen an example of using the import keyword to import a stylesheet into a module so that it'll be included in your application build. That's the technique being used to include the global index.css stylesheet:

// ./src/index.js

import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import './index.css';
import App from './App';

ReactDOM.render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <App />
  </React.StrictMode>,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

You can also leverage CSS modules in your Create React App projects. CSS Modules scope stylesheet class names so that they are unique to a specific React component. This allows you to create class names without having to worry if they might collide with class names used in another component.

Add a new css-modules folder to the src folder. Within that folder, add the following files:

HeadingA.js
HeadingA.module.css
HeadingB.js
HeadingB.module.css

Then update the contents of each file to the following:

// ./src/css-modules/HeadingA.js

import React from 'react';
import styles from './HeadingA.module.css';

function HeadingA() {
  return (
    <h1 className={styles.heading}>Heading A</h1>
  );
}

export default HeadingA;

/* ./src/css-modules/HeadingA.module.css */

.heading {
  color: green;
}

// ./src/css-modules/HeadingB.js

import React from 'react';
import styles from './HeadingB.module.css';

function HeadingB() {
  return (
    <h1 className={styles.heading}>Heading B</h1>
  );
}

export default HeadingB;

/* ./src/css-modules/HeadingB.module.css */

.heading {
  color: red;
}

Notice how the .heading CSS class name is being used within each component to set the color of the <h1> element. For the HeadingA component, the color is green, and for the HeadingB component, the color is red. Using the file naming convention [name].module.css let's Create React App know that we want these stylesheets to be processed as CSS Modules. Using CSS Modules allows the .heading class name to be reused across components without any issue.

To see this feature in action, update your App component to render both of your new components:

import React from 'react';
import HeadingA from './css-modules/HeadingA';
import HeadingB from './css-modules/HeadingB';

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Exploring React Builds</h1>
      <HeadingA />
      <HeadingB />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

Then run your application (npm start) to see "Heading A" and "Heading B" displayed respectively in green and red. If you use the browser's developer tools to inspect "Heading A", you'll see that the .heading class name has been modified so that it's unique to the HeadingA component:

CSS Modules is an example of how a front-end build process can be used to modify code to enable a feature that’s not natively supported by browsers.

Phase 2: Using an image in a component

Create React App configures webpack with support for loading images (as well as CSS, fonts, and other file types). What this means, for you as the developer, is that you can add an image file to your project, import it directly into a module, and render it in a React component.

Download any image of off the Web or click here to download the below image.

Then within the `src` folder add a new folder named `image`. Within that folder add a new component file named `Image.js`. Also add your downloaded image file to the `image` folder (so it's a sibling to the `Image.js` file).

Update the contents of the Image.js file to this:

// ./src/image/Image.js

import React from 'react';
import cat from './react-builds-cat.png';

console.log(cat); // /static/media/react-builds-cat.45f7f4d2.png

function Image() {
  // Import result is the URL of your image.
  return <img src={cat} alt="images/images/Cat" />;
}

export default Image;

You can import an image into a component using the import keyword. This tells webpack to include the image in the build. Notice that when you import an image into a module, you'll get a path to the image's location within the build. You can use this path to set the src attribute on an <img> element.

Be sure to update the image import statement to the correct file name if you're using your own image!

Now update the App component to import and render the Image component:

// ./src/App.js

import React from 'react';
import HeadingA from './css-modules/HeadingA';
import HeadingB from './css-modules/HeadingB';
import Image from './image/Image';

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Exploring React Builds</h1>
      <HeadingA />
      <HeadingB />
      <Image />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

If you run your application (npm start) you'll see your image displayed on the page! You can also open your browser's developer tools and view the "Sources" for the current page. If you can expand the localhost:3000 > static > media node on the left, you can see the image file that webpack copied to your build.

Images in stylesheets

You can also reference images in your CSS files too. Add a CSS file named Image.css to the ./src/image folder and update its contents to this:

/* ./src/image/Image.css */

.cat {
  background-image: url(./react-builds-cat.png);
  width: 400px;
  height: 400px;
}

Then update the Image component to this:

// ./src/image/Image.js

import React from 'react';
import './Image.css';
import cat from './react-builds-cat.png';

console.log(cat); // /static/media/react-builds-cat.45f7f4d2.png

function Image() {
  return (
    <div>
      {/* Import result is the URL of your image. */}
      <img src={cat} alt="Cat" />
      <div className='cat'></div>
    </div>
  );
}

export default Image;

Now you’ll see the image displayed twice on the page!

Phase 3: Updating the supported browsers (and its affect on code transpilation)

Earlier you learned about the browerslist setting in the package.json file and now adjusting these targets affect how your code will be transpiled:

{
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "last 1 chrome version",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  }
}

The production list specifies the browsers to target when creating a production build and the development list specifics the browsers to target when running the application using npm start. Currently, you're targeting relatively recent versions of the major browsers when creating a development build. Targeting older browser versions results in your code being transpiled to an older version of JavaScript.

To experiment with this configuration option, let’s add a class component to the project. Add a new folder named class-component to the src folder. Within that folder, add a file named ClassComponent.js containing the following code:

// ./src/class-component/ClassComponent.js

import React from 'react';

class ClassComponent extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <h1>Class Component</h1>
    );
  }
}

export default ClassComponent;

Don’t forget to update your App component to render the new component:

// ./src/App.js

import React from 'react';
import HeadingA from './css-modules/HeadingA';
import HeadingB from './css-modules/HeadingB';
import Image from './image/Image';
import ClassComponent from './class-component/ClassComponent';

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Exploring React Builds</h1>
      <HeadingA />
      <HeadingB />
      <Image />
      <ClassComponent />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

Now run your application using npm start. Open your browser's developer tools and view the "Sources" for the current page. Expand the localhost:3000 > static > js node on the left and select the main.chunk.js file. Press CMD+F on macOS or CTRL+F on Windows to search the file for "Class Component". Here's what the transpiled code looks like for the ClassComponent class:

class ClassComponent extends react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0___default.a.Component {
  render() {
    return /*#__PURE__*/react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0___default.a.createElement("h1", {
      __self: this,
      __source: {
        fileName: _jsxFileName,
        lineNumber: 7,
        columnNumber: 7
      }
    }, "Class Component");
  }
}

Have you wondered yet why you need to use the developer tools to view the bundles generated by Create React App? Remember that when you run npm start, Create React App builds your application using webpack-dev-server. To keep things as performant as possible, the bundles generated by webpack-dev-server are stored in memory instead of writing them to the file system.

The JSX in the component’s render method has been converted to JavaScript but the ClassComponent ES2015 class is left alone. This makes sense though as JSX isn't natively supported by any browser while ES2015 classes have been natively supported by browsers for awhile now.

But what if you need to target a version of a browser that doesn’t support ES2015 classes? You can use the “Can I use…” website to see when browsers started supporting ES2105 (or ES6) classes. Starting with version 49, Chrome natively supported classes. But imagine that you need to support Chrome going back to version 30, a version of Chrome that doesn’t support classes.

Change the browserslist.development property in the package.json file to this:

{
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "chrome >= 30",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  }
}

The query chrome >= 30 specifies that you want to target Chrome version 30 or newer.

The browserl.ist website can be used to see the browsers supported by your configured browserslist.

Stop your application if it’s currently running. Delete the ./node_modules/.cache folder and run npm start again. Then view the main.chunk.js bundle again in the developer tools:

Now your ES2015 class component is being converted to a constructor function! Here’s the transpiled code for reference:

var ClassComponent = /*#__PURE__*/function (_React$Component) {
  Object(_Users_jameschurchill_Documents_GitHub_Modular_Curriculum_content_react_redux_topics_react_builds_projects_exploring_react_builds_solution_node_modules_babel_preset_react_app_node_modules_babel_runtime_helpers_esm_inherits__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_2__["default"])(ClassComponent, _React$Component);

  var _super = Object(_Users_jameschurchill_Documents_GitHub_Modular_Curriculum_content_react_redux_topics_react_builds_projects_exploring_react_builds_solution_node_modules_babel_preset_react_app_node_modules_babel_runtime_helpers_esm_createSuper__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_3__["default"])(ClassComponent);

  function ClassComponent() {
    Object(_Users_jameschurchill_Documents_GitHub_Modular_Curriculum_content_react_redux_topics_react_builds_projects_exploring_react_builds_solution_node_modules_babel_preset_react_app_node_modules_babel_runtime_helpers_esm_classCallCheck__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__["default"])(this, ClassComponent);

    return _super.apply(this, arguments);
  }

  Object(_Users_jameschurchill_Documents_GitHub_Modular_Curriculum_content_react_redux_topics_react_builds_projects_exploring_react_builds_solution_node_modules_babel_preset_react_app_node_modules_babel_runtime_helpers_esm_createClass__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__["default"])(ClassComponent, [{
    key: "render",
    value: function render() {
      return /*#__PURE__*/react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_4___default.a.createElement("h1", {
        __self: this,
        __source: {
          fileName: _jsxFileName,
          lineNumber: 7,
          columnNumber: 7
        }
      }, "Class Component");
    }
  }]);

  return ClassComponent;
}(react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_4___default.a.Component);

Luckily it’s very rare that you’ll need to read the code in your generated bundles. webpack, by default, is configured to generate sourcemaps. Sourcemaps are a mapping of the code in a generated file, like a bundle file, to the original source code. This gives you access to your original source code in the browser’s developer tools:

You can even set a breakpoint in your source within the developer tools to stop execution on a specific line of code!

Phase 4: Adding environment variables

Earlier you learned that Create React App supports defining environment variables in an .env file. This gives you a convenient way to avoid hard coding values that vary across environments.

Let’s experiment with this feature so that you can see how the Create React App build process embeds environment variables into your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript bundles.

Add an .env file to the root of your Create React App project. Define an environment variable named REACT_APP_TITLE:

REACT_APP_TITLE=Exploring React Builds

Remember that environment variables need to be prefixed with REACT_APP_ for Create React App to process them. After defining your environment variable, you can refer to it within JSX using an expression and process.env:

// ./src/App.js

import React from 'react';
import HeadingA from './css-modules/HeadingA';
import HeadingB from './css-modules/HeadingB';
import Image from './image/Image';
import ClassComponent from './class-component/ClassComponent';

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{process.env.REACT_APP_TITLE}</h1>
      <HeadingA />
      <HeadingB />
      <Image />
      <ClassComponent />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

Environment variables can also be referred to in regular JavaScript code:

console.log(process.env.REACT_APP_TITLE);

You can also reference environment variables in your ./public/index.html file like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>%REACT_APP_TITLE%</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="root"></div>
  </body>
</html>

Run your application again using npm start. Open your browser's developer tools and view the "Sources" for the current page. Expand the localhost:3000 node on the left and select (index). Notice that the text %REACT_APP_TITLE% within the <title> element has been converted to the text literal Exploring React Builds:

If you expand the localhost:3000 > static > js node on the left and select the main.chunk.js file, you can see how the App component's JSX has been converted to JavaScript:

Here’s a closer look at the relevant React.createElement method call:

/*#__PURE__*/react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0___default.a.createElement("h1", {
    __self: this,
    __source: {
      fileName: _jsxFileName,
      lineNumber: 10,
      columnNumber: 7
    }
  }, "Exploring React Builds")

Again, notice how the environment variable has been replaced with a text literal. This has important security implications for you to consider. Because environment variables are embedded into your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript bundles during the build process, it’s very important to not store any secrets, like API keys, in your environment variables. Remember, anyone can view your bundled code in the browser by inspecting your files!

Phase 5: Deploying a production build

In the last phase of this project, let’s add routing to the React application, create a production build, and deploy the build to an Express application!

Adding routing

To add React Router to the application, start by installing the react-router-dom npm package:

npm install react-router-dom@^5.0.0

Then update the App component to this code:

// ./src/App.js

import React from 'react';
import {
  BrowserRouter,
  Switch,
  Route,
  Link
} from 'react-router-dom';
import HeadingA from './css-modules/HeadingA';
import HeadingB from './css-modules/HeadingB';
import Image from './image/Image';
import ClassComponent from './class-component/ClassComponent';

function App() {
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <div>
        <h1>{process.env.REACT_APP_TITLE}</h1>
        <nav>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <Link to="/">Home</Link>
            </li>
            <li>
              <Link to="/image">Image</Link>
            </li>
            <li>
              <Link to="/class-component">Class Component</Link>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </nav>
        <Switch>
          <Route path="/image">
            <Image />
          </Route>
          <Route path="/class-component">
            <ClassComponent />
          </Route>
          <Route path="/">
            <HeadingA />
            <HeadingB />
          </Route>
        </Switch>
      </div>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
}

export default App;

Be sure to run and test your application to ensure that the defined routes work as expected:

/ - Should display the HeadingA and HeadingB components;
/image - Should display the Image component; and
/class-component - Should display the ClassComponent component.

Creating a production build

To create a production build, run the command npm run build from the root of your project. The output in the terminal should look something like this:

> solution@0.1.0 build [absolute path to your project]
> react-scripts build

Creating an optimized production build...
Compiled successfully.

File sizes after gzip:

  47.83 KB  build/static/js/2.722c16c4.chunk.js
  773 B     build/static/js/runtime-main.b7d1e5ee.js
  745 B     build/static/js/main.12299197.chunk.js
  197 B     build/static/css/main.e9a0d1f8.chunk.css

The project was built assuming it is hosted at /.
You can control this with the homepage field in your package.json.

The build folder is ready to be deployed.
You may serve it with a static server:

  npm install -g serve
  serve -s build

Find out more about deployment here:

  bit.ly/CRA-deploy

Ignore the comments about using serve to deploy your application (i.e. npm install -g serve and serve -s build). In the next step, you'll create a simple Express application to server your React application.

Serving a React application using Express

Create a new folder for your Express application outside of the Create React App project folder.

For example, from the root of your project, use cd .. to go up a level and then create a new folder named express-server by running the command mkdir express-server. This makes the express-server folder a sibling to your Create React App project folder.

Browse into the express-server folder and initialize it to use npm (i.e. npm init -y). Then install Express by running the command npm install express@^4.0.0.

App a file named app.js with the following contents:

// ./app.js

const express = require('express');
const path = require('path');

const app = express();

app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));

app.get('*', function(req, res) {
  res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname, 'public', 'index.html'));
});

const port = 9000;

app.listen(port, () => console.log(`Listening on port ${port}...`));

This simple Express application will:

Attempt to match incoming requests to static files located in the public folder; and
If a matching static file isn’t found, then the ./public/index.html file will be served for all other requests.

Now add a folder named public to the root of your Express project. Copy the files from the build folder in your Create React App project to the public folder in the Express application project. Then run your application using the command node app.js.

Open a browser and browse to the URL http://localhost:9000/. You should see your React application served from your Express application! Be sure to click the navigation links to verify that all of your configured routes work as expected.

Also, because you configured Express to serve the ./public/index.html file for any request that doesn't match a static file, you can "deep link" to any of your React application's routes:

http://localhost:9000/image
http://localhost:9000/class-component

More content at plainenglish.io

By Bryan Guner on July 15, 2021.

Canonical link

Exported from Medium on August 31, 2021.

PreviousIntroduction to React for Complete Beginners NextSuper Simple Intro To React

Last updated 2 years ago

React in Depth: A Comprehensive Guide

A deep dive into the world of React

Random Things to Remember

Front-End History

React Concepts and Features

ES6 Refresher

Notes

JSX In Depth

Reconciliation

Typechecking With PropTypes

Notes

React Router Introduction

Navigation

Nested Routes

React Builds

Notes

Introduction to React

Create Element

Create Element

Notes from Hello Programmer Exercise

Introduction to JSX

Notes

Using Custom CRA Templates

React Class Components

Handling Events

Forms in React

Component Lifecycle

Notes

React Context

Notes

Redux Explained

Flux and Redux

Store

Reducers

Actions

Debugging Arrow Functions

React Router Introduction

Getting started with routing

BrowserRouter

HashRouter

Creating frontend routes

component

path

exact

render

Route path params

Match

What you learned

React Router Navigation

Adding links for navigation

Link

NavLink

Switching between routes

Redirecting users

History

What you learned

React Router Nested Routes

Why nested routes?

What are nested routes?

What you learned

React Builds

Understanding front-end builds

JavaScript versions and the growth of front-end builds

Reviewing common terminology

Configuration or code?

Babel and webpack (yes, that’s intentionally a lowercase ‘w’)

Pulling back the covers (a bit) on the Create React App build process

The Create React App build process

Ejecting

Preparing to deploy a React application for production

Defining environment variables

Configuring the supported browsers

Creating a production build

What you learned

React Router Documentation

Setting up React Router

Routes and Links

Switch and Redirect

React Router Params (ownProps)

Rainbow Routes Project