Objects

Notes

The Object Type

The object is a data structure that stores other data, similar to how an array stores elements.

The object differs in that each value stores in an obj is associated with a key.

The Object of My Affections

In other programming languages, objects are referred to as, "dictionaries", "maps", or "associative arrays".

Objects are indexed with keys instead of numbers.
Order is not guaranteed within an Object.
Objects are defined by using curly braces {}
You can think of Objects as tables.

Fun Fact: Objects are affectionately known as POJO's (Plain Old Javascript Objects)

Setting Keys and Values

// here "color" is the key!
> car["color"] = "Blue";
"Blue"

> car["seats"] = 2;
2

// accessing our object at the key of color
> car["color"]
"Blue"

> car["seats"]
2

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

We assign values to an object by defining the name of the key in brackets and assigning it to a value.

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> "color" in car;
true

> "model" in car;
false

If we try to access a key that has not yet been assigned within an object we will output undefined.
The preferred method for checking to see if an object exists at a key is to use the in operator.

Using Variables as Keys

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> let newVariable = "color";
undefined

> newVariable
"color"

> car[newVariable]
"Blue"

---

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> newVariable
"weight"

// assigning a key value pair using a variable!
> car[newVariable] = 1000;
1000

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2, weight: 1000}

It is useful to set a variable as a key, because variables can be re-assigned new values - this way we can quickly access different data and also create new key/value pairs.

Using Different Notations

> let dog = {};
undefined

> dog.bark = "Bowowowo";
"Bowowowowo"

> dog.bark
"Bowowowo"

> dog
{ bark: "Bowowowowo" }

We can also use dot notation "." to access key/value pairs in an object.
- One thing to note is that when using dot notation, we do not have to use string quotes as the key.

Bracket Notation vs Dot Notation

Dot

Bracket

Easier To Read

You can use variables as keys!

Easier To Write b/c do not need Quotations.

Okay to use variables and Strings that start with numbers.

Cannot access with Variables

Keys cannot contain numbers as their first character

When accessing object keys: Bracket notation needs to refer to that key in quotations, dot notation doesn't.
When accessing object keys via a variable: Bracket notation can refer to that key w/o use of quotations, dot notation can't do this at all.

let myDog = {};
myDog.name = "Fido";

let myKey = "name";
console.log(myDog); // prints `{name: "Fido"}`
console.log(myDog[myKey]); // prints `Fido`

console.log(myDog.myKey); // prints: undefined

As illustrated above, the dot notation cannot access a varible key - since it takes a literal interpretation of the key.

Putting it All Together

You can put an object together in a single statement.

let myDog = {
  name: "Fido",
  type: "Doge",
  age: 2,
  favoriteToys: ["bone", "ball"],
};

Operator Precedence Revisited

The concept of Operator Precedence also applies to objects.
There are two types of associativity:
- Right Associativity : When code is evaluted right to left.
  a = b = 1;
  - Since assignment of variables takes lowest precendence, we end up evaluating b = 1 first before a = b.
- Left Associativity : When code is evaluated left to right.
  let id = "header"; let element = document.getElementById(id).value;
  - We first resolve the document variable, then use dot notation to retrive the getElementById function, we eval it's arguments, access it's value, and then retrieve assignment (the lowest precedence).

Iterating Through Objects

Because objects store unordered key-value pairs, we do not rely on indices to access values; instead we rely on our keys.

A New Kind of For Loop

for (let variable in object) {
  statement;

  let obj = { name: "Rose", cats: 2 };
  for (let currentKey in obj) {
    console.log(currentKey);
    console.log(obj[currentKey]);
  }

  // prints out:
  // name
  // cats
  // Rose
  // 2
}

We use a special syntax to iterate through each key of an object called a for-in loop.

Methods vs Functions

A Method is a function that belongs to an object. Every method is a function, but not every function is a method.

myFunc is a function
myObject.myFunc is a method of the object myObject
myObject["myFunc"] is a method of the object myObject

Methods are just a key-value pair where the key is the function name and the value is the function definition.

let dog = {
  name: "Fido",
};

dog.bark = function () {
  console.log("bark bark!");
};

// this is the same thing as above just using Bracket Notation
dog["speak"] = function (string) {
  console.log("WOOF " + string + " WOOF!!!");
};

dog.bark(); // prints `bark bark!`
dog.speak("pizza"); // prints `WOOF pizza WOOF!!!`

let dog2 = {
  name: "Rover",

  bark: function () {
    console.log("bork bork!");
  },

  speak: function (string) {
    console.log("BORK " + string + " BORK!!!");
  },
};
// Notice that in the object above, we still separate the key-value pairs with commas.
// `bark` and `speak` are just keys with functions as values.

dog2.bark(); // prints `bork bork!`
dog2.speak("burrito"); // prints `BORK burrito BORK!!!`

To invoke these methods we just need to specify which object is calling that method.

myObject.methodName();

Useful Object Methods

Object.keys() : A method that allows us to iterate through keys, it accepts an obj as the argument and returns an array of the keys.
Object.values() : Method that accepts an object as the argument and returns an array of the values.

Iterating through an Object's keys & values

Object.entries : Method that accepts an object as the argument and returns an array of the [key,value] pairs within.

> Object.entries(cat)
[ [ 'name', 'Freyja' ], [ 'color', 'orange' ] ]

References vs Primitives

Primitives vs Objects

So far we have learned about 6 different data types:

Primitive : Boolean, Null, Undefined, Number, String.
Reference : Object (Arrays are a type of object)
Remember that primitive types are immutable!

Immutabiity

When we reassign primitives we simply have our variable point elsewhere in memory.
In a nutshell, immutability cannot change values in memory, but only reassign where our variables are pointing to.

Mutabulity

If we change either cat1 or cat2, our computer memory will change because they are both pointing at the same memory location.

Rest and Spread

Using the Spread Operator and Rest Parameter Syntax Accepting Arguments

Just keep in mind that function will still run even if it is not passed any arguments.
Parameters will take just as many arguments they need even if more than enough are offered.
We will encounter an error if there are not enough parameters ( > 0).

Utilizing Rest Parameters

Rest Parameter Syntax : Allows us to capture all of a function's incoming arguments into an array.
Only the last parameter can be a rest parameter.

Utilizing Spread Syntax

Spread Operator : Allows us to break down a data type into the elements that make it up.
- Takes a data type (i.e. array, obj) and spreads the values of that type where elements are expected.
- Takes iterable data and spreads the elements of that type where arguments are expected.

let numArray = [1, 2, 3];

// here we are taking `numArray` and *spreading* it into a new array where
// comma separated elements are expected to be
let moreNums = [...numArray, 4, 5, 6];

> moreNums
// => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

With Objects

let colors = { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };
let newColors = { ...colors };

> newColors
// { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };

let colors = { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };
let colors2 = { green: "forest", yellow: "sunflower" };

let moreColors = { ...colors, ...colors2 };

> moreColors
// {red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine", green: "forest", yellow: "sunflo

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