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Trees in Python

Trees are another relation-based data structure, which specialize in representing hierarchical structures. Like a linked list, they’re populated with Node objects that contain a data value and one or more pointers to define its relation to immediate nodes.

Each tree has a root node that all other nodes branch off from. The root contains pointers to all elements directly below it, which are known as its child nodes. These child nodes can then have child nodes of their own. Binary trees cannot have nodes with more than two child nodes.

Any nodes on the same level are called sibling nodes. Nodes with no connected child nodes are known as leaf nodes.

The most common application of the binary tree is a binary search tree. Binary search trees excel at searching large collections of data, as the time complexity depends on the depth of the tree rather than the number of nodes.

Binary search trees have four strict rules:

• The left subtree contains only nodes with elements lesser than the root.

• The right subtree contains only nodes with elements greater than the root.

• Left and right subtrees must also be a binary search tree. They must follow the above rules with the “root” of their tree.

• There can be no duplicate nodes, i.e. no two nodes can have the same value.

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