List Of Programming Languages By Type
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Main category:
(also termed vector or multidimensional) languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to , , and .
(IDL)
Source embeddable languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text, often a web page.
Client-side embedded languages are limited by the abilities of the browser or intended client. They aim to provide dynamism to web pages without the need to recontact the server.
Server-side embedded languages are much more flexible, since almost any language can be built into a server. The aim of having fragments of server-side code embedded in a web page is to generate additional markup dynamically; the code itself disappears when the page is served, to be replaced by its output.
Server side[edit]
SMX – dedicated to web pages
Client side[edit]
Languages developed primarily for the purpose of teaching and learning of programming.
Gleam
Original 32-bit
16-bit Thumb instructions (subset or registers used)
64-bit (major architecture change, more registers)
36 bit computers
Winbatch
Examples:
They provide both higher hardware abstraction and a more flexible programming model than previous paradigms which hardcoded transformation and shading equations. This gives the programmer greater control over the rendering process and delivers richer content at lower overhead.
Shading languages used in offline rendering produce maximum image quality. Processing such shaders is time-consuming. The computational power required can be expensive because of their ability to produce photorealistic results.
Houdini VEX Shading Language (VEX)
glex/gyacc (GoboSoft compiler-compiler to Eiffel)
The system programming languages are for low level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application software.
System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes software categories such as operating systems, utility software, device drivers, compilers, and linkers. Examples of system languages include:
1961
1964
ALGOL, FORTRAN, some COBOL
1968
ALGOL 60
1969
196x
1970
197x
197x
197x
197x
1979
1983
2001
Andreas Rumpf
2008
OS kernels, compilers, games
2010
2014
Andrew Kelley
2016
As a replacement for C
Main article:
directly correspond to a (see ), although there may not be a 1-1 mapping between an individual statement and an individual instruction, so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages let programmers use symbolic addresses, which the converts to absolute or addresses. Most assemblers also support and .
Main article:
An is a programming language desined for use by a non-computer expert to easily create tutorials, websites, and other interactive computer programs.
(DITA)
Main article:
A is a where relationships between variables are expressed as . Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints.
(CLI) languages are also called batch languages or job control languages. Examples:
(extended command-line shell for )
(extended command-line shell for )
(the Bourne-Again shell from , (FSF))
( Command List)
and (C-like shell from at UC )
(DCL) – standard CLI language for (, , )
(standard CLI/batch language for the running operating systems, popular before )
(a automation and test tool)
(a shell)
(a C shell for Windows)
(a standard shell, written by )
(command-line shell for )
(the standard shell, written by )
(Tandem Advanced Command Language)
(Windows batch file language as understood by and )
(-based CLI)
(a shell)
These are languages typically processed by , though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted[]. See also .
(multi-purpose language)
(very influential language design; the second high-level language compiler)
Machine ALGOL Like Language
(compiled to specific to the Ballerina Runtime (BVM))
(some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
(one of the most widely used procedural languages)
(widely used multiparadigm language derived from C)
(compiled into , generates a native image at runtime)
(compiled into )
(programming Language for DOS-based software)
(Clear Language for Expressing Orders) on the British
(compiled into )
(from a reengineering of C++)
compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc. as .war file
('s development system)
(Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
(object-oriented language developed by )
(compiled into , to generate runtime image)
(the first high-level, compiled language, from 's )
(compiled into )
(compiled into )
(usually compiled into although ahead-of-time (AOT) compilers exist that compile to )
(Compiled on the fly to machine code)
(Kotlin/Native uses to produce native binaries)
(compiled into intermediate language bytecode)
(most implementations)
(general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
(compiles to intermediate )
(Report Program Generator)
(compiled into )
(some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
– purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
(first object-oriented language, a superset of )
compiles to platform independent for a Virtual Machine
(SML)
(compiler for the GObject type system)
(use (CIL) that is JIT compiled into a native runtime)
Main category: For a more comprehensive list, see .
languages provide language constructs for . The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as is concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as (CSP) or the .
– multi-purpose language
– concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of
an extension of the Java language for parallelism
- a language designed for implementing and orchestrating micro-services. Provides a message based parallel-first concurrency model.
– domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
– a concurrent
– C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
– a dialect of for the
(by Brinch-Hansen)
– uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
(through the mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
(runs on the Erlang VM)
- uses threads and monitors
– uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
- using the Termite library
— supports concurrent, distributed, and parallel programming across multiple machines
– concurrent language based on Java
– dataflow language, communicates by message passing
– relative of , used for systems programming in
– variant extended to support parallelism
– influenced heavily by (CSP)
– a modern variant of , which incorporates ideas from Milner's
– multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures, and Mozart Programming System Oz
– essentially an executable implementation of Milner's
— uses thread-based parallelism and process-based parallelism
– implements Erlang-style on the JVM
– purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
– research language
– XML processing language, enabling concurrency
Curly-bracket or curly-brace programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the . This syntax originated with (1966), and was popularized by . Many curly-bracket languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include:
– developed circa 1970 at
– audio programming language
– concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
– a safer C variant
– based on Java
– combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension abilities
(curly-braces optional)
languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:
G (used in )
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets.[] Examples of data-oriented languages include:
a relational database access language
(an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work)
(similar to MUMPS)
– see also
– a native RDBMS engine, object-oriented, RAD
can be used as an aid to clarifying the logic before writing a program in any language, but in the 1960s a number of languages were developed where the main logic is expressed directly in the form of a decision table, including:
Main category:
express the logic of a computation without describing its control flow in detail. stands in contrast to via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure) and programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category. This section lists additional examples not in those subcategories.
(combine and )
(DASL) (combine and )
– purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
(Only DQL, not DDL, DCL, and DML)
– server-side in and an essential component in electronics industry systems
– dedicated to database-driven websites
The above examples are particularly dedicated to this purpose. A large number of other languages, such as , , and can be adapted (for instance, by being made into modules).
(Windows only)
A wide variety of dynamic or scripting languages can be embedded in compiled executable code. Basically, object code for the language's needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred.
(via )
For a more comprehensive list, see .
Main category:
An is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke.
are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.
(specific to )
(C/SIDE)
and some dialects, e.g.,
(embedded in many games)
(extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU)
(extension of Java with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing)
(embedded in Maya, Blender, and other 3-D animation packages)
(Google SketchUp)
(vim)
(VBA)
Main category:
are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments.
's GraphTalk
(Interactive Development Environment for an Application Life) for use with
report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
() – now part of BIS
() now VISION:BUILDER of CA
(not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs)
(VHLL, or Very High Level Language)
Main category:
languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions and treat them as first-class. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Many functional languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
(Gallina)
(since )
(formerly PLT Scheme)
(SML)
For a more comprehensive list, see .
In electronics, a (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure, design, and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are and . Hardware description languages include:
(Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal)
(VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)
(VHSIC HDL)
Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the :
,
Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. The interactive mode is also termed a (REPL).
(some dialects)
(with Observatory or Dartium's developer tools)
(with iex)
(with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
(since version 9)
(an ANSI standard general purpose language)
()
(with )
(anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
(with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
(with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
(-based CLI)
are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term interpreted language generally refers to languages that are usually interpreted rather than compiled.
scripting language
scripting language
(some dialects)
(PL/B, formerly DATABUS, later versions added optional compiling)
(via Melting Ice Technology in )
(compiled on the fly to , but a transpiler exists)
(early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed)
(an ANSI standard general-purpose language)
(early implementations)
(SML)
scripting language
– -based CLI
Some scripting languages –
Iterative languages are built around or offering .
, through "agents"
Garbage Collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program but is no longer used.Main article:
(originator)
(SML)
This section needs expansion. You can help by . (November 2016)
This section needs expansion. You can help by . (April 2018)
This section needs expansion. You can help by . (September 2018)
List-based languages are a type of that are based on the data structure.
serve a specialized problem domain.
– used for text file manipulation.
– used to solve complex combinatorial problems in areas such as and
– parses and transforms text
– has only a few keywords and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language – many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a language
Main category:
languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must-have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution.
Notable languages following this include:
(a functional programming language with first-class Datalog constraints)
(a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming)
, and Mozart Programming System Oz
(formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called and a general proving mechanism called )
(based on Prolog)
(object-oriented Prolog extension)
are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in or . Each bit pattern causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are specific to a family of processors; machine-language code for one family of processors cannot run directly on processors in another family unless the processors in question have additional hardware to support it (for example, DEC VAX processors included a PDP-11 compatibility mode). They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's , is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Some commonly used machine code are:
:
18-bit: , , , ,
12-bit: , , ,
36-bit: , ,
16-bit: (influenced VAX and M68000)
32-bit:
64-bit:
, and
:
, first used in the Intel 8086
and (the latter was used in the first and early )
(the first x86 processor with , used in the )
, introduced in the
The original specification was created by . There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same:
, and
, , , 7044, ,
, 7010
and successors, including
(CPUs used in early and early computers)
(CPU for , , and )
(CPU for )
(CPU for and (variant) )
, first used in the
– used in and in many , particularly of the .
(Now )
30 bit computers: , 492, 494,
, ,
Main category:
languages transform one source code file into another. A "macro" is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one (not to be confused with ), possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like .
Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a # in the case of the C preprocessor). Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a , so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like , which are fully featured.
(the C preprocessor)
(originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
(general purpose macro processor)
such as and (, , , ) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called "macro languages", although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like .
is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at during . In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
(and META I, a subset)
Main article:
support more than one . They allow a to use more than one style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
(generic, imperative, object-oriented, prototype-based, functional)
(, , (), , ())
(, )
(constraint, imperative, logic)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, metaprogramming)
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
(imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
(concurrent, functional, logic)
(generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
(functional, object-oriented (class-based))
(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
(imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic, functional (agents), concurrent (SCOOP))
(functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
(functional, object-oriented (class-based))
(imperative, procedural),
(functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, procedural)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(imperative, ("object-oriented"), functional, metaprogramming)
(, )
(object-oriented (class-based), visual)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented ())
(functional, logical, object-oriented)
(object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
(functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
(imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), modular)
(functional (evaluation: , ), logic, , imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed), and Mozart Programming System Oz
(imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
(imperative, object-oriented, functional (can't be purely functional))
(interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language )
(dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
(functional, compiled, interpreted, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming, extension, impure, interactive mode, iterative, reflective, scripting)
(array, interpreted, impure, interactive mode, list-based, object-oriented prototype-based, scripting)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based) and can be extended by the user)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
(imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
(imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
(concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented, generic, metaprogramming, compiled)
(functional, object-oriented)
(imperative, object-oriented, generic)
(concurrent, dataflow, functional)
(functional, visual)
(protocol-oriented, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block-structured)
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
(functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
Several general-purpose programming languages, such as and , are also used for technical computing, this list focuses on languages almost exclusively used for technical computing.
– an variant
Main article:
–
–
–
–
–
-
Class-based support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages.
Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with , classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with , methods are defined by . There are exceptions where methods are (e.g. 's object system).
(the concept of "object" is not present in Julia, but the language allows for multiple dispatch on different types at runtime)
and (multi-purpose language)
(formerly named Chrome)
(DASL)
(data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
(added more object-oriented features to Modula-2)
(full object-orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
(a superset of C adding a derived object model and message passing syntax)
5
(interpretive language, optionally object-oriented)
(programmer does not get to pick the objects)
(first object-oriented language, developed by and )
(pure object-orientation, developed at )
(Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed:
(ABCL, ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, ABCL/c+)
(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
in
(first prototype-based language, derived from )
Main article:
languages denote blocks of code by their .
, the abstract language that introduced the rule
, Python's parent
, Haskell's parent
(, do: blocks)
(off-side optional)
languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
(multi-purpose language)
(very influential language design; the second high level language compiler)
Machine ALGOL Like Language
(these lack most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
(C with objects plus much else, such as, generics through STL)
(similar to Java/C++)
(C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
(CPL)
(DASL) (combine and )
(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
(better modularity in later Standards)
(fundamentally based on modules)
(first release was more modular than other languages of the time; the standard has become even more modular since then)
, (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
(successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
(FPC)
,
(large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
(X++)
Main article:
languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like , and less common in lower-level programming languages like . Languages and platforms supporting reflection:See also:
– ETH Oberon System
(pure object-orientation, originally from )
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include:[]
– robots are rules
[]
"" has two apparently different, but in fact similar, meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs provide built-in languages that let users automate tasks. Those that are are often called scripting languages.
Recently, many applications have built-in traditional scripting languages, such as or , but there are quite a few native scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform-independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to ).
(Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
(compiled to bytecode, and running inside VM)
(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
(GML)
(still, compiled on the fly to )
(OREXX, OOREXX)
(intended for Web servers)
, dedicated to database-driven websites
(-based CLI)
Many shell command languages such as or (DCL) on VMS have powerful scripting abilities.
Main category:
Stack-based languages are a type of that are based on the data structure.
Canonware Onyx
(all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters)
via its implementation language
Main category:
are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called , and are used often in .
See also:
A is a graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects. Such language forms usually consist of special data types, like "color" and "normal". Due to the variety of target markets for 3D computer graphics.
(AGAL)
(ARB assembly)
(GLSL or glslang)
(HLSL) or DirectX Shader Assembly Language
(PSSL)
(MSL)
Shining Rock Shading Language (SRSL)
Spark
Nitrous Shading Language
Godot Shading Language
(RSL)
(OSL)
These languages assist with generating and for .
(EBNF with semantics)
(FSF's version of Yacc)
GNU (FSF version of Lex)
(Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
(PEG)
(yet another compiler-compiler, from Bell Labs)
,
Most , including and most systems
ALGOL-PL/I
(portions)
,
subsystems, most compilers, FSE editor
,
See C++ Applications
,
, , , ,
Embedded systems, OS kernels, compilers, games, simulations, , air traffic control, and avionics
Multiple domains
, , , , , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, app development
, , , , ,
Main article:
Main category:
let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Some languages are also visual languages.
G (used in )
(written in and based on , a version of )
Computer scientist designed and implemented several influential languages.
, , variants
Modula 3 variant
(Oberon, Oberon-07, Oberon-2)
(umbrella name for , , , others)
These are languages based on or that operate on .
eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations ()
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